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B
A group of researchers examined a decade of responses to an online survey on morals, analyzing how these responses varied from season to season. Their results indicate that, at a population level, people are less likely to support more traditional moral values during summer and winter. The researchers relied on data from a website named YourMorals.org, which provides a “moral foundations questionnaire” allowing respondents to express their level of agreement or disagreement with various moral statements.
The questions were based on moral foundations theory, aiming to understand why morality seems to follow similar patterns among people from diverse cultures. According to this theory, morality can be categorized into five foundational values—care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity. These values fall into two groups: individualizing values and binding values.
Not all types of values exhibited a clear seasonal pattern. For example, individualizing values, which emphasize the morality of individual rights, showed little variation over time and did not follow a seasonal trend. In contrast, binding values—those that prioritize group needs, such as loyalty, respect for authority, and purity of tradition—followed a biannual(一年两次的) pattern.
To gain deeper insights into their findings, the researchers also studied patterns in Google search results related to anxiety. They discovered that population-level anxiety also followed a seasonal cycle—peaking in spring and fall, suggesting a possible correlation(关联性). Spring and fall are generally considered the most enjoyable seasons, so an increase in anxiety during these times may come as a surprise. But it’s possible that increases in school and work-related changes during these times could play some role. They also suggest that anxiety may decrease in winter due to seasonal holidays, and in summer because of warmer weather and increased vegetation(植被).
“We often perceive moral values as unchanging principles that we hold close,” says Professor Hohm. However, they are actually influenced by various factors that we may not notice. Understanding how this happens can help us better comprehend and plan for seasonal shifts.
(
A. Purity of tradition.
B. Fairness among people.
C. Loyalty to one’s party.
D. Respect for authority.
(
A. Frequent transition of weather.
B. Heightened social events and gatherings.
C. New challenges from school and work.
D. Reduced availability of fresh produce.
(
A. Moral values remain constant over time.
B. Planning is crucial in maintaining moral stability.
C. The influence of morals on behavior is minimal.
D. Moral changes can affect plan making.
(
A. Our moral values may change with the seasons.
B. Anxiety is closely linked to external threats.
C. Seasons influence our individualizing values.
D. Individualizing values and binding values differ.
A group of researchers examined a decade of responses to an online survey on morals, analyzing how these responses varied from season to season. Their results indicate that, at a population level, people are less likely to support more traditional moral values during summer and winter. The researchers relied on data from a website named YourMorals.org, which provides a “moral foundations questionnaire” allowing respondents to express their level of agreement or disagreement with various moral statements.
The questions were based on moral foundations theory, aiming to understand why morality seems to follow similar patterns among people from diverse cultures. According to this theory, morality can be categorized into five foundational values—care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity. These values fall into two groups: individualizing values and binding values.
Not all types of values exhibited a clear seasonal pattern. For example, individualizing values, which emphasize the morality of individual rights, showed little variation over time and did not follow a seasonal trend. In contrast, binding values—those that prioritize group needs, such as loyalty, respect for authority, and purity of tradition—followed a biannual(一年两次的) pattern.
To gain deeper insights into their findings, the researchers also studied patterns in Google search results related to anxiety. They discovered that population-level anxiety also followed a seasonal cycle—peaking in spring and fall, suggesting a possible correlation(关联性). Spring and fall are generally considered the most enjoyable seasons, so an increase in anxiety during these times may come as a surprise. But it’s possible that increases in school and work-related changes during these times could play some role. They also suggest that anxiety may decrease in winter due to seasonal holidays, and in summer because of warmer weather and increased vegetation(植被).
“We often perceive moral values as unchanging principles that we hold close,” says Professor Hohm. However, they are actually influenced by various factors that we may not notice. Understanding how this happens can help us better comprehend and plan for seasonal shifts.
(
B
)5. Which of the following might not follow a seasonal trend?A. Purity of tradition.
B. Fairness among people.
C. Loyalty to one’s party.
D. Respect for authority.
(
C
)6. What might be a possible reason for people feeling more anxious in spring and fall?A. Frequent transition of weather.
B. Heightened social events and gatherings.
C. New challenges from school and work.
D. Reduced availability of fresh produce.
(
D
)7. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. Moral values remain constant over time.
B. Planning is crucial in maintaining moral stability.
C. The influence of morals on behavior is minimal.
D. Moral changes can affect plan making.
(
A
)8. What is the passage mainly about?A. Our moral values may change with the seasons.
B. Anxiety is closely linked to external threats.
C. Seasons influence our individualizing values.
D. Individualizing values and binding values differ.
答案
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。研究者对一项关于道德的在线调查进行分析,发现人们的道德观念可能会随着季节的变化而变化。
5. B 解析:细节理解题。根据第二段中“According to this theory, morality can be categorized into five foundational values—care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity. These values fall into two groups: individualizing values and binding values.”和第三段的内容“并非所有类型的价值观都呈现出明显的季节性模式。例如,强调个人权利道德的个人化价值观在时间上变化很小,没有遵循季节性趋势。相比之下,绑定价值观——那些优先考虑群体需求的价值观,如忠诚、对权威的尊重和传统的纯洁性——遵循着一年两次的模式”可知,不同于忠诚、权威和纯洁,公平不属于优先考虑群体需求的约束性观念,而属于强调个人权利的道德性的个体化观念,它不遵循季节性趋势。故选B。
6. C 解析:细节理解题。根据第四段中“Spring and fall are generally considered ... could play some role.(春天和秋天通常被认为是最令人愉快的季节,所以在这段时间里焦虑的增加可能会让人感到意外。但在这些时间里,学校和工作相关变化的增加可能会起到一些作用。)”可知,人们在春季和秋季感到焦虑的一个可能原因是来自学校和工作的新挑战。故选C。
7. D 解析:推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“‘我们常常将道德价值观视为不变的、我们珍视的原则,’Hohm 教授说。然而,它们实际上受到各种因素的影响,而这些因素可能未被我们察觉。理解这一过程如何发生,有助于我们更好地理解和为季节变化做规划”可知,了解道德观念如何受到各种因素的影响可以帮助我们更好地理解和规划季节性的变化。由此可知,道德变化会影响计划的制定。故选D。
8. A 解析:文章大意题。通读全文,尤其是根据第一段中“A group of researchers examined ... during summer and winter.(一组研究人员对一项关于道德的在线调查十年来的回复进行了分析,研究这些回复在不同季节之间的变化情况。他们的结果显示,在人口层面,人们在夏季和冬季更不太可能支持更传统的道德价值观。)”可知,文章主要介绍了研究者对一项关于道德的在线调查的分析结果,发现人们的道德观念可能会随着季节的变化而变化。因此,A选项“我们的道德观念可能会随着季节而变化”是文章主旨。故选A。
5. B 解析:细节理解题。根据第二段中“According to this theory, morality can be categorized into five foundational values—care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity. These values fall into two groups: individualizing values and binding values.”和第三段的内容“并非所有类型的价值观都呈现出明显的季节性模式。例如,强调个人权利道德的个人化价值观在时间上变化很小,没有遵循季节性趋势。相比之下,绑定价值观——那些优先考虑群体需求的价值观,如忠诚、对权威的尊重和传统的纯洁性——遵循着一年两次的模式”可知,不同于忠诚、权威和纯洁,公平不属于优先考虑群体需求的约束性观念,而属于强调个人权利的道德性的个体化观念,它不遵循季节性趋势。故选B。
6. C 解析:细节理解题。根据第四段中“Spring and fall are generally considered ... could play some role.(春天和秋天通常被认为是最令人愉快的季节,所以在这段时间里焦虑的增加可能会让人感到意外。但在这些时间里,学校和工作相关变化的增加可能会起到一些作用。)”可知,人们在春季和秋季感到焦虑的一个可能原因是来自学校和工作的新挑战。故选C。
7. D 解析:推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“‘我们常常将道德价值观视为不变的、我们珍视的原则,’Hohm 教授说。然而,它们实际上受到各种因素的影响,而这些因素可能未被我们察觉。理解这一过程如何发生,有助于我们更好地理解和为季节变化做规划”可知,了解道德观念如何受到各种因素的影响可以帮助我们更好地理解和规划季节性的变化。由此可知,道德变化会影响计划的制定。故选D。
8. A 解析:文章大意题。通读全文,尤其是根据第一段中“A group of researchers examined ... during summer and winter.(一组研究人员对一项关于道德的在线调查十年来的回复进行了分析,研究这些回复在不同季节之间的变化情况。他们的结果显示,在人口层面,人们在夏季和冬季更不太可能支持更传统的道德价值观。)”可知,文章主要介绍了研究者对一项关于道德的在线调查的分析结果,发现人们的道德观念可能会随着季节的变化而变化。因此,A选项“我们的道德观念可能会随着季节而变化”是文章主旨。故选A。
