一、根据句意及所给中文提示、首字母或英文解释，填入所缺单词，每空一词
1. We Chinese often (摇动) hands when we meet visitors, and sometimes we nod our heads.
2. We could hear (雷声) in the distance, and moments later, a flash of lightning hit the ground, shining the sky with a bright light.
3. Some children in other parts of the world still live in (恐惧,害怕) of their lives.
4. I watched them leave and then drove off in the opposite (方向).
5. I waved a red flag and (呼喊,喊叫) to the man, but he didn't notice me.
6. I was quite n ______ in the beginning, but I kept myself calm down.
7. The girl always keeps (without any sound) in class. She seldom answers teachers' questions.
8. Let's help him because he is too (not strong) to carry the heavy box.
9. When it was her turn to give a speech, her heart was b very fast.
10. The firemen rushed into the (being destroyed by fire) building to save the people inside.

1. shake 2. thunder 3. fear 4. direction
5. shouted 6. nervous 7. silent 8. weak
9. beating 10. burning

【分析】这类题目要求根据句子语境、中文提示、首字母或英文释义填写正确单词，解题时需先理解句意，再结合提示确定单词，同时注意时态、词性及固定搭配等细节，确保单词形式符合句子语法要求。
【解析】1. 句意：我们中国人见到游客常握手，一般现在时，shake hands是固定搭配，主语为复数，故填shake；2. 句意：远处能听到雷声，thunder意为雷声，符合语境，故填thunder；3. in fear of是固定短语，意为害怕，故填fear；4. opposite direction意为相反方向，固定搭配，故填direction；5. 由waved可知句子为一般过去时，and连接并列动词，故填shouted；6. 首字母为n，结合语境“一开始但保持冷静”，可知是紧张的，故填nervous；7. 英文释义为without any sound（没有声音），对应单词silent，故填silent；8. not strong（不强壮）对应单词weak，故填weak；9. 心脏跳动用beat，此处为过去进行时，结构为was+doing，故填beating；10. 英文释义为being destroyed by fire（被火烧的），对应单词burning，故填burning。
【答案】1. shake 2. thunder 3. fear 4. direction 5. shouted 6. nervous 7. silent 8. weak 9. beating 10. burning
【知识点】单词拼写、固定短语、词汇释义
【点评】本题为基础词汇考查题，涵盖动词时态、固定搭配、词义对应等知识点，侧重学生对核心词汇的掌握，难度适中，适合巩固基础。
【难度系数】0.6

1. —Was there accident near your community yesterday?
—Yes, accident happened at 7:30 p. m.

A.a; the
B.an; an
C.an; the
D.the; the

C

【分析】
本题考查冠词的用法，解题思路分两步：第一步，判断第一个空：accident是可数名词单数，且发音以元音音素开头，泛指“一个事故”，需用不定冠词an；第二步，判断第二个空：特指上文提到的那个事故，需用定冠词the，结合选项即可得出答案。
【解析】
第一个空，accident以元音音素开头，泛指“一个事故”，用不定冠词an；第二个空，特指上文提到的事故，用定冠词the，因此选C。
【答案】
C
【知识点】
冠词的用法
【点评】
本题考查基础冠词的用法，核心是区分不定冠词a/an（看音素）和定冠词the（表特指），属于英语基础题，难度较低。
【难度系数】
0.8

2. —Did you hear the shouts the boy?
—Yes. When I arrived there, I found the boy looking at a snake fear.

A.in; with
B.with; in
C.from; in
D.at; with

C

【分析】
这道题考查介词的固定搭配用法，解题时需结合语境分析每个空格的介词用法：第一个空格需表示“来自男孩的喊声”，用介词表来源；第二个空格需用固定短语表达“害怕地”的含义，结合短语搭配判断选项。
【解析】
第一个空：“shouts from the boy”意为“来自男孩的喊声”，from表示来源，符合语境；第二个空：“in fear”是固定短语，意为“害怕地”，作状语修饰动作，因此选C选项。
【答案】
C
【知识点】
介词用法；固定搭配
【点评】
本题考查介词的固定搭配，需积累常见介词短语的用法，属于基础题型。
【难度系数】
0.5

3. I don't know if it tomorrow. If it , we won't go on a picnic.

A.will rain; will rain
B.will rain; rains
C.rains; will rain
D.rains; rains

B

【分析】
本题需区分两个if引导的从句类型，进而确定时态：第一个if意为“是否”，引导宾语从句；第二个if意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句，需遵循“主将从现”原则。
【解析】
1. 第一个空：if引导宾语从句，主句是一般现在时（don't know），从句时间状语为tomorrow（表将来），故用一般将来时，填will rain；
2. 第二个空：if引导条件状语从句，主句是一般将来时（we won't go...），从句需用一般现在时，主语it为第三人称单数，故rain变为rains。
综上，答案选B。
【答案】
B
【知识点】
宾语从句、条件状语从句
【点评】
本题考查if引导的不同从句的时态规则，是初中英语基础考点，需准确区分宾语从句和条件状语从句的时态用法，避免混淆。
【难度系数】
0.5

4. My father TV in the living room when someone him.

A.watched; called
B.was watching; called
C.watched; was calling
D.was watching; was calling

B

【分析】
本题考查过去进行时与一般过去时的用法搭配。解题思路：当一个短暂的过去动作发生时，另一个过去正在进行的动作需用过去进行时，短暂动作用一般过去时。先判断两个动作的属性：“看电视”是过去某时刻正在进行的延续性动作，“有人打电话”是短暂发生的动作，据此匹配对应时态即可。
【解析】
根据时态规则，延续性的过去动作用过去进行时（结构：was/were + 现在分词），短暂的过去动作用一般过去时（动词用过去式）。主语My father是第三人称单数，be动词用was，watch的现在分词是watching；call的过去式是called。因此句子结构为was watching; called，对应选项B。
【答案】
B
【知识点】
过去进行时；一般过去时
【点评】
本题是基础时态题，核心考查过去进行时与一般过去时的语境区分，需准确判断动作的延续性与短暂性，属于英语时态应用的常规题型。
【难度系数】
0.5

5. My father was preparing for his speech my mother was doing some washing last night.

A.if
B.while
C.unless
D.until

B

【分析】本题需结合语境和连词用法解题。句子中两个动作“爸爸准备演讲”和“妈妈洗衣服”均为过去正在进行的延续性动作，需选择能连接两个同时进行的延续性动作的连词，先分析各选项含义与用法，再匹配语境。
【解析】A选项if意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句，不符合语境；B选项while意为“当……的时候”，用于连接两个同时进行的延续性动作，常与过去进行时连用，契合句中两个动作同时进行的语境；C选项unless意为“除非”，引导条件状语从句，不符合；D选项until意为“直到……为止”，引导时间状语从句，不符合语境。因此选B。
【答案】B
【知识点】连词的用法；时间状语从句
【点评】本题考查while引导时间状语从句的用法，需掌握不同连词的词义及适用场景，结合句子时态和语境解题，属于基础题型。
【难度系数】0.6

6. it rained hard for a whole day, the temperature dropped a lot at night.

A.So
B.Since
C.When
D.Though

B

【分析】
本题考查连词的词义辨析，需先理解句子前后的逻辑关系，再结合各选项连词的用法逐一排除错误选项，选出符合语境的答案。
【解析】
首先分析句子逻辑：前半句“it rained hard for a whole day”是原因，后半句“the temperature dropped a lot at night”是结果。逐一分析选项：
A. So表结果，通常位于句中，结构为“…, so…”，空格在句首，用法不符，排除；
B. Since表原因，意为“既然、因为”，可引导原因状语从句置于句首，符合句子逻辑和用法；
C. When表时间，意为“当……时”，代入后句意不通，排除；
D. Though表转折，意为“虽然”，代入后逻辑矛盾，排除。
综上，答案为B。
【答案】
B
【知识点】
连词词义辨析、原因状语从句
【点评】
本题为基础英语连词考点，侧重考查学生对常见连词语义和用法的掌握，需结合句子逻辑关系判断，难度较低。
【难度系数】
0.7

三、阅读理解
Many cities around the world face increasing problems with flooding, especially during heavy rains. Traditional city designs often use large areas of concrete and roads, which prevent rainwater from soaking into the ground. This leads to runoff(径流）and floods. To address this, China is developing a new concept called “Sponge Cities”.
A “Sponge City” is designed to absorb, store, filter, and reuse rainwater, much like a sponge. This involves several strategies. For example, permeable roads and sidewalks are built, allowing
water to pass through them into the soil below. Green roofs and walls are created on buildings, which can absorb rainwater and cool down the city. Parks and wetlands are also important parts of sponge cities, as they can temporarily hold large amounts of water and gradually release it.
The benefits of Sponge Cities are numerous. Firstly, they effectively reduce urban flooding by managing rainwater locally. Secondly, they improve water quality by filtering pollutants(污染物）as water soaks into the ground. Thirdly, they help to replenish(补充）underground water sources, which is important for long-term water supply. Fourthly, by increasing green spaces, they help to cool down cities, making them more comfortable and beautiful.
While building Sponge Cities requires significant investment and careful planning, the long-term environmental and economic benefits are huge. It’s a sustainable approach to urban development, offering a greener and safer future to city dwellers. China aims to transform 80% of its cities into “Sponge Cities” by 2030, showing a strong commitment to this innovative solution.
1. What is the main problem that “Sponge Cities” aim to solve?
A. The lack of green spaces in cities.
B. Air pollution in urban areas.
C. Urban flooding during heavy rains.
D. High cost of building new roads.
2. Which of the following is NOT a strategy used in “Sponge Cities”?
A. Building permeable roads.
B. Creating green roofs and walls.
C. Using traditional concrete roads everywhere.
D. Developing more parks and wetlands.
3. What does the underlined word “permeable” in Paragraph 2 most likely mean?
A. Allowing water to pass through.
B. Very strong and durable.
C. Made of concrete.
D. Not affected by heat.
4. Which of the following is a benefit of “Sponge Cities”?
A. They increase urban air pollution.
B. They reduce underground water sources.
C. They make cities hotter.
D. They improve water quality.

1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D

【分析】做这几道英语阅读理解题时，需先通读原文把握核心内容，再针对每道题的题干关键词回原文定位对应信息：第1题定位海绵城市的解决问题，第2题定位海绵城市的策略，第3题定位划线词的上下文解释，第4题定位海绵城市的好处，通过对比选项与原文信息得出答案。
【解析】1. 细节理解题：根据原文第一段“Many cities around the world face increasing problems with flooding... To address this, China is developing a new concept called 'Sponge Cities'”，可知海绵城市旨在解决城市暴雨时的洪水问题，对应选项C。
2. 细节理解题：根据原文第二段，海绵城市的策略包括修建透水道路（A项）、打造绿色屋顶和墙体（B项）、建设公园和湿地（D项）；而“到处使用传统混凝土道路”是传统城市设计，并非海绵城市的策略，对应选项C。
3. 词义猜测题：根据原文第二段“permeable roads and sidewalks are built, allowing water to pass through them into the soil below”，后文的定语成分解释了该词的含义是“允许水通过的”，对应选项A。
4. 细节理解题：根据原文第三段，海绵城市的好处包括减少城市洪水、改善水质、补充地下水、降低城市温度；选项A（增加空气污染）、B（减少地下水）、C（使城市更热）均与原文不符，选项D（改善水质）符合原文，对应选项D。
【答案】1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D
【知识点】英语阅读理解、细节查找、词义猜测
【点评】本题围绕“海绵城市”这一环保主题设置，考查学生对英语阅读中细节信息的定位、词义猜测能力，题目难度适中，只要仔细阅读原文并对应选项即可正确解答。
【难度系数】0.8