Passage 13
When I was nine years old, I loved to go fishing with my dad. My father could catch many
fish while I caught nothing. When my father said, "I've caught another fish," I would get
(1) (happy), for I didn't catch any. I kept asking him why he could get so
many fish. He always answered, "Son, (2) you want to catch a fish, you
have to think like a fish."
"But I am not a fish," I said, "and I don't know what fish like."
As I got a little (3) (old), I began to understand what my father really
meant. So I read some books on fish and I even joined a local Fishing Club and started attending
(4) (discuss) to know more about fishing. I learned that fish are cold-blooded
(冷血的) animals and water temperature is very important to them. Fish prefer shallow(浅的) water
(5) it is warmer. Moreover, water is usually warmer (6)
direct sunlight than in the shade. Also, fish don't have any eyelids(眼皮) and the sun hurts their
eyes ... By and by, I became better at finding and (7) (catch) them.
Indeed, fishing has taught me a lot. Now, I'm doing the business with different kinds of
people. Every day I (8) (require) to sell as many things to others as possible.
In the past three years, I (9) (deal) with the problems well. It is not an easy
job, but I do it well because I have the secret—that is to understand what is on the
(10) (customer) minds. I have learned this lesson from fishing.

1. unhappy 2. if/when 3. older 4. discussions 5. because 6. in 7. catching 8. am
required 9. have dealt 10. customers'

【分析】
这是一篇记叙文类语法填空题，解题时首先要通读全文，理清故事脉络：作者小时候和父亲钓鱼，从父亲的话中得到启发，后来把钓鱼学到的换位思考的道理用到了销售工作中。接下来逐个结合语境和语法规则推导答案：首先看有提示词的空，要判断所需词性、变形规则，比如形容词变反义词、形容词变比较级、动词变名词、动名词、被动语态、现在完成时、名词所有格等；没有提示词的空要结合句子逻辑判断是连词还是介词，最后把所有答案代入通读，验证语义和语法都通顺即可。
【解析】
1. 根据后文“我一条鱼都没钓到”的语境，听到父亲又钓到鱼的消息，作者的情绪应该是不开心，提示词happy的反义词为unhappy，因此填unhappy。
2. 此处表达“如果你想钓到鱼/当你想要钓到鱼的时候，你得像鱼一样思考”，空格引导条件状语从句或者时间状语从句，用if（如果）或者when（当……时）都符合语义，因此填if/when。
3. 副词a little常用来修饰形容词比较级，表示“更……一点”，此处指作者年纪稍大之后，old的比较级是older，因此填older。
4. 动词attend后需要接名词作宾语，提示词discuss是动词，其名词形式为discussion，此处泛指多场讨论，用复数形式discussions，因此填discussions。
5. 后文“浅水更温暖”是前文“鱼更喜欢浅水”的原因，引导原因状语从句用连词because，因此填because。
6. 后文出现并列结构in the shade（在阴凉处），对应此处“在直射阳光下”的固定搭配为in direct sunlight，因此填介词in。
7. 句中and并列的成分和finding一致，作介词at的宾语，需要用动名词形式，catch的动名词是catching，因此填catching。
8. 主语I和动词require是被动关系，描述当下的常态用一般现在时，一般现在时被动结构为am/is/are+过去分词，主语I对应be动词am，因此填am required。
9. 时间状语In the past three years是现在完成时的标志，结构为have/has+过去分词，主语为I，因此填have dealt。
10. 此处表达“顾客的想法”，指代所有顾客先把可数名词customer变为复数customers，再变为复数名词所有格修饰minds，因此填customers'。
【答案】
1. unhappy 2. if/when 3. older 4. discussions 5. because 6. in 7. catching 8. am required 9. have dealt 10. customers'
【知识点】
词性转换，动词时态语态，连词介词辨析
【点评】
本题结合趣味生活故事考查初中阶段核心语法考点，覆盖了提示词类和无提示词类的常考填空题型，既需要学生掌握基础语法变形规则，也需要结合上下文语义逻辑判断，难度适中，同时故事传递的换位思考的道理也能给学生带来启发。
【难度系数】
0.6

Passage 14
The bicycle is one of the simplest and most useful inventions in the world. The surprising
thing is that it was not invented earlier, though the great (1) (invent)
Leonardo da Vinci had made sketches(素描) for bicycles, flying machines, and some other
things. Those things were not produced (2) he died.
There are great advantages of bicycles. It can be made (3) (move)
easily without using much energy, and the rider creates no (4) (pollute) at
all. However, even so, most people don't travel to work by bicycle in developed countries. It is
not because the bicycles are too expensive (5) (afford) or that people feel
tired riding to work, but because there are too many cars on the roads. The roads have
(6) (certain) become more dangerous to riders. As a result, more people put
their bicycles away and go to work in their cars. Therefore, the situation (7)
(make) worse.
Now many cities are trying to make riding safer and (8) (popular). They
have built paths simply (9) bicycles. They want to make it more difficult and
expensive for drivers to take their cars into the city. In this way, they (10)
(go) back to using their bicycles in a few years.

1. inventor 2. before/until 3. to move 4. pollution 5. to afford 6. certainly 7. is made
8. more popular 9. for 10. will go

【分析】
拿到这篇语法填空，首先通读全文，明确文章围绕自行车的发明历程、使用优势以及当下城市推广骑行的相关举措展开，先把握整体语境和主时态。接下来分三类思路逐个推导空格：第一类是带提示词的空格，先分析句子成分判断空格所需词性，再对提示词做正确的形式转换；第二类是考查固定搭配的空格，结合句意回忆对应固定结构匹配答案；第三类是无提示词的虚词空格，结合上下文逻辑判断连词、介词等虚词的正确形式，最后结合时态语态的规则验证答案合理性即可。
【解析】
1. 第1空：形容词great后需要接名词作同位语，指代达芬奇的身份是发明家，动词invent对应的指人名词为inventor，故填inventor。
2. 第2空：句意为“那些物品直到他去世后才被生产出来/在他去世前都没有被生产出来”，not...until...是固定搭配表“直到…才”，也可用before表示“在…之前”，两个词均符合语境，故填until/before。
3. 第3空：此处是使役动词make的被动用法，主动结构make sth do变为被动结构时需要补上不定式符号to，即be made to do sth，故填to move。
4. 第4空：形容词no后需要接名词作creates的宾语，动词pollute对应的名词形式是pollution，表“污染”，为不可数名词，故填pollution。
5. 第5空：此处符合固定结构too+adj.+to do sth，表“太…而不能”，句意为“不是因为自行车太贵负担不起”，故填to afford。
6. 第6空：空格用于修饰动词become，需要用副词作状语，形容词certain对应的副词形式是certainly，表“无疑、肯定”，故填certainly。
7. 第7空：主语situation和动词make是被动关系，描述当前的客观事实，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语为单数，故填is made。
8. 第8空：and连接并列的表语，前面已经出现比较级safer，此处popular也要用比较级形式more popular，表“更安全也更受欢迎”，故填more popular。
9. 第9空：句意为“他们修建了专门供自行车通行的车道”，介词for表“为、给”，符合语境，故填for。
10. 第10空：时间状语in a few years表“几年后”，是一般将来时的标志，谓语用will+动词原形，故填will go。
【答案】
1. inventor 2. before/until 3. to move 4. pollution 5. to afford 6. certainly 7. is made 8. more popular 9. for 10. will go
【知识点】
词性转换，固定搭配，时态语态
【点评】
本题是典型的基础类英语语法填空题，考点覆盖全面，既考查了名词、副词等基础词性转换，也涉及非谓语动词、连词、介词、形容词比较级、被动语态等核心语法点，科普向的语篇理解门槛低，能够有效检验学生基础词法句法的实际应用能力。
【难度系数】
0.6