一、根据汉语意思写单词。
1. If you go to Xi'an, an ancient capital of thirteen （朝代）, you can't miss its places of historic interest.
2. It's （必要的）to learn to accept failure, as nobody can succeed all the time.
3. In biology class, we are going to learn about how plants grow from （种子）.
4. There are many differences between Chinese culture and （西方的）culture.
5. She often talks about her （童年）when she lived in a small village by the river.

1. dynasties 2. necessary 3. seeds 4. Western 5. childhood

【分析】
本题要求根据汉语提示填写正确的英语单词，解题时需注意单词的形式变化（如名词复数、形容词词性等）：1. 空格前有基数词thirteen（十三），需用可数名词复数；2. 考查固定句型的形容词搭配；3. 表示植物生长的种子需用复数形式；4. 需用形容词修饰名词，注意首字母大写；5. 直接填写对应名词即可。
【解析】
1. “朝代”的英语是dynasty，thirteen后接可数名词复数，故填dynasties；2. 固定句型It's necessary to do sth表示“做某事是必要的”，故填necessary；3. “种子”的英语是seed，此处表泛指用复数seeds；4. “西方的”对应形容词Western，修饰名词culture，首字母大写，故填Western；5. “童年”的英语是childhood，符合语境，故填childhood。
【答案】
1. dynasties 2. necessary 3. seeds 4. Western 5. childhood
【知识点】
根据汉语提示写单词、名词单复数、形容词用法
【点评】
本题考查基础英语词汇的运用，涉及名词复数、形容词等基础知识点，难度较低，是学生应掌握的基础题型。
【难度系数】
0.8

二、用方框中所给单词或词组的适当形式填空。每词（组）限用一次。
come true run away stand up for defeat care about
6. She bravely her friend when others laughed at him.
7. I want to be an astronaut, and I hope my dream in the future.
8. When you do sport, you should your safety.
9. Lucy is afraid of dogs, so she quickly when she sees any dog.
10. Our team must work together the opponents（对手）in the game.

6. stood up for 7. will come true 8. care about 9. runs away 10. to defeat

【分析】
先理解每个句子的语境，结合方框内词组的含义，根据句子的时态、主语单复数、语法结构（如情态动词后接原形、不定式表目的）确定正确形式：6题由when从句的过去式判断主句用一般过去时，选stand up for的过去式；7题由in the future用一般将来时，结合dream和come true的搭配；8题should后接动词原形，选care about；9题主语是第三人称单数，一般现在时，选run away的三单形式；10题用不定式表目的，选to defeat。
【解析】
6. 时间状语从句laughed为一般过去时，主句需用一般过去时，stand up for意为“支持”，过去式为stood up for，符合语境。
7. come true意为“实现”，与dream搭配，时间状语in the future提示用一般将来时，故填will come true。
8. 情态动词should后接动词原形，care about意为“关心”，符合“注意安全”的语境。
9. 主语Lucy为第三人称单数，句子描述常态用一般现在时，run away意为“跑开”，三单形式为runs away。
10. 此处表目的，用不定式作目的状语，故填to defeat。
【答案】
6. stood up for 7. will come true 8. care about 9. runs away 10. to defeat
【知识点】
动词短语的适当形式；时态运用；不定式作目的状语
【点评】
本题考查常用动词短语的形式运用，需结合语境、时态及语法结构分析，是英语基础词汇运用题，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.5

三、用 for 或 of 填空。
11. It is kind you to help the old man carry the heavy bag.
12. It is hard me to learn maths well in a short time.
13. It is brave him to face the difficulty without giving up.
14. It is polite you to say "sorry" when you make a mistake.
15. It is useful children to learn some basic life skills.

11. of 12. for 13. of 14. of 15. for

【分析】
首先明确句型“It is + adj. + sb. + to do sth.”中介词of和for的用法区别：当形容词描述人的品质、性格特征（如kind、brave、polite等）时，用介词of，逻辑上可转化为“sb. is + adj.”；当形容词描述不定式所表示的动作（如hard、useful等）时，用介词for，逻辑上可转化为“To do sth. is + adj.”。再结合每个句子的形容词判断介词：11. kind形容人的善良品质，用of；12. hard形容学数学这件事难，用for；13. brave形容人的勇敢品质，用of；14. polite形容人的礼貌品质，用of；15. useful形容学生活技能这件事有用，用for。
【解析】
11. 句中形容词kind描述人的品质，符合用of的情况，故填of；
12. 句中形容词hard描述“在短时间内学好数学”这件事的难度，符合用for的情况，故填for；
13. 句中形容词brave描述人的品质，符合用of的情况，故填of；
14. 句中形容词polite描述人的品质，符合用of的情况，故填of；
15. 句中形容词useful描述“学习基础生活技能”这件事的用处，符合用for的情况，故填for。
【答案】
11. of 12. for 13. of 14. of 15. for
【知识点】
固定句型搭配；介词of/for的用法
【点评】
本题考查初中英语核心基础句型“It is + adj. + of/for sb. to do sth.”中of和for的区分，需掌握形容词修饰对象（人/动作）来选择介词，属于基础考点，难度较低。
【难度系数】
0.7

四、用it作形式主语改写句子。
16. That he passed the exam easily is surprising.

17. She is nice. She helps her parents do housework every weekend.

18. We should follow the school rules at all times. It is necessary.

19. He did research in physics day and night. He is hard-working.

20. Everyone should protect the environment around us. It is important.

16. It is surprising that he passed the exam easily.
17. It is nice of her to help her parents do housework every weekend.
18. It is necessary for us to follow the school rules at all times.
19. It is hard-working of him to do research in physics day and night.
20. It is important for everyone to protect the environment around us.

【分析】
本题要求用it作形式主语改写句子，核心是掌握it作形式主语的两类常用结构：一是It is + 形容词 + that从句（形容词描述从句内容时）；二是It is + 形容词 + of/for sb to do sth（形容词修饰人的品质用of，修饰动作的属性用for）。解题时需先明确原句的核心语义，将真正的主语（从句或不定式）后置，用it替代作形式主语，同时准确判断of/for的使用。
【解析】
16. 原句是that引导的主语从句，形容词surprising描述从句内容，对应结构It is + adj + that从句，改写为：It is surprising that he passed the exam easily.
17. 原句体现“她帮助父母做家务”的品质nice，对应结构It is + adj + of sb to do sth，改写为：It is nice of her to help her parents do housework every weekend.
18. 原句强调“我们遵守校规”的必要性，对应结构It is + adj + for sb to do sth，改写为：It is necessary for us to follow the school rules at all times.
19. 原句体现“他做物理研究”的品质hard-working，对应结构It is + adj + of sb to do sth，改写为：It is hard-working of him to do research in physics day and night.
20. 原句强调“每个人保护环境”的重要性，对应结构It is + adj + for sb to do sth，改写为：It is important for everyone to protect the environment around us.
【答案】
16. It is surprising that he passed the exam easily.
17. It is nice of her to help her parents do housework every weekend.
18. It is necessary for us to follow the school rules at all times.
19. It is hard-working of him to do research in physics day and night.
20. It is important for everyone to protect the environment around us.
【知识点】
it作形式主语；of/for的用法；不定式作真正主语
【点评】
本题考查it作形式主语的句型转换，重点是区分of和for的使用场景，属于英语基础句型的常见考查形式，需熟练掌握两类结构的用法。
【难度系数】
0.5