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四、阅读理解 阅读下面的短文，然后根据短文内容，在每小题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Our Planet
Our planet is incredibly special, and protecting it is a shared duty — everyone plays a part in keeping it clean and safe for people, plants, and animals. Yet human activities are damaging ecosystems, and plastic pollution stands as one of the most urgent threats: We produce over 400 million tons of plastic yearly, but only 9% is recycled. Most plastic ends up in landfills, oceans, or the countryside, where it harms both the environment and wildlife.
What Is Plastic Pollution?
Plastic pollution refers to discarded plastic accumulating in natural spaces. Plastic is cheap to make, so we throw away huge amounts — but it is also extremely durable: Common plastics like polyethylene (used in bags) take 100 to 1,000 years to decompose, while polystyrene (foam) can last 500 years.
Each year, 11 million tons of plastic leak into oceans. Marine creatures often get stuck in plastic like fishing nets or mistake it for food: Over 100,000 marine mammals and 1 million seabirds die annually from plastic ingestion or entanglement. For example, plastic bags kill over 100,000 fish and birds each year, and all seven sea turtle species are affected by plastic pollution. What's worse, plastic breaks into tiny "microplastics" that enter the food chain — even humans now eat and breathe plastic particles.
(
A. To become more useful
B. To break down and disappear
C. To turn into a new material
D. To increase in size
(
A. Much of the plastic is recycled globally.
B. Not all sea turtle species are harmed by plastic.
C. Humans need microplastics.
D. Over 10 million tons of plastic enter oceans yearly.
(
A. Plastic is a useful material in daily life.
B. Plastic pollution causes serious global harm.
C. How to reduce plastic use at home.
D. Marine animals have many natural enemies.
Our Planet
Our planet is incredibly special, and protecting it is a shared duty — everyone plays a part in keeping it clean and safe for people, plants, and animals. Yet human activities are damaging ecosystems, and plastic pollution stands as one of the most urgent threats: We produce over 400 million tons of plastic yearly, but only 9% is recycled. Most plastic ends up in landfills, oceans, or the countryside, where it harms both the environment and wildlife.
What Is Plastic Pollution?
Plastic pollution refers to discarded plastic accumulating in natural spaces. Plastic is cheap to make, so we throw away huge amounts — but it is also extremely durable: Common plastics like polyethylene (used in bags) take 100 to 1,000 years to decompose, while polystyrene (foam) can last 500 years.
Each year, 11 million tons of plastic leak into oceans. Marine creatures often get stuck in plastic like fishing nets or mistake it for food: Over 100,000 marine mammals and 1 million seabirds die annually from plastic ingestion or entanglement. For example, plastic bags kill over 100,000 fish and birds each year, and all seven sea turtle species are affected by plastic pollution. What's worse, plastic breaks into tiny "microplastics" that enter the food chain — even humans now eat and breathe plastic particles.
(
B
) 1. What does the underlined word "decompose" probably mean in the text?A. To become more useful
B. To break down and disappear
C. To turn into a new material
D. To increase in size
(
D
) 2. Which fact about plastic pollution is mentioned in the text?A. Much of the plastic is recycled globally.
B. Not all sea turtle species are harmed by plastic.
C. Humans need microplastics.
D. Over 10 million tons of plastic enter oceans yearly.
(
B
) 3. What is the main idea of the text?A. Plastic is a useful material in daily life.
B. Plastic pollution causes serious global harm.
C. How to reduce plastic use at home.
D. Marine animals have many natural enemies.
答案
1—3: BDB
解析
【分析】
这是一篇环保主题的阅读理解，包含词义猜测、细节查找、主旨归纳三类典型考点，解题思路如下：1. 做词义猜测题时先定位划线词的上下文语境，结合前文提到的塑料耐用、留存时间极长的描述，推断单词含义；2. 做细节理解题时将每个选项逐一和原文内容比对，排除和原文表述不符的干扰项，选出正确内容；3. 做主旨大意题时通读全文，抓住核心论述对象，排除和原文内容无关的选项，匹配最贴合全文中心的答案。
【解析】
1. 第1题：定位划线词decompose所在段落，前文明确提到塑料非常耐用，后文举例聚乙烯（塑料袋原料）需要100到1000年完成该动作，泡沫塑料可以留存500年，结合常识可知这里描述的是塑料自然分解、消失的过程。A选项“变得更有用”、C选项“转化为新材料”、D选项“体积增大”均不符合语境，只有B选项“分解后消失”符合词义。
2. 第2题：逐一核对选项：A选项，原文提到每年生产超4亿吨塑料，仅9%被回收，说明大部分塑料没有被回收，表述错误；B选项，原文明确说明所有7种海龟都受到塑料污染影响，“不是所有海龟都被塑料伤害”的表述错误；C选项，原文提到微塑料进入食物链，人类会摄入和吸入塑料微粒，并未说明人类需要微塑料，表述错误；D选项，原文提到每年有1100万吨塑料泄漏进海洋，也就是超过1000万吨，表述正确。
3. 第3题：全文先引出塑料污染是当前最紧迫的环境威胁之一，接着介绍什么是塑料污染，最后说明塑料污染对海洋生物、人类都造成严重危害，核心主旨是塑料污染带来严重的全球性危害。A选项“塑料是日常生活有用的材料”原文未重点提及，C选项“如何在家减少塑料使用”原文完全没有相关内容，D选项“海洋动物有很多天敌”和原文内容无关，因此选B。
【答案】
1—3: BDB
【知识点】
词义猜测，细节理解，主旨大意
【点评】
本题属于初中英语常规难度的阅读题，主题贴合环保热点，考点覆盖了阅读理解最核心的三类题型，提醒学生做阅读题时不能仅凭主观常识选择答案，细节类题目必须回到原文找到对应依据，主旨类题目要避免以偏概全，抓住全文的核心论述方向。
【难度系数】
0.7
这是一篇环保主题的阅读理解，包含词义猜测、细节查找、主旨归纳三类典型考点，解题思路如下：1. 做词义猜测题时先定位划线词的上下文语境，结合前文提到的塑料耐用、留存时间极长的描述，推断单词含义；2. 做细节理解题时将每个选项逐一和原文内容比对，排除和原文表述不符的干扰项，选出正确内容；3. 做主旨大意题时通读全文，抓住核心论述对象，排除和原文内容无关的选项，匹配最贴合全文中心的答案。
【解析】
1. 第1题：定位划线词decompose所在段落，前文明确提到塑料非常耐用，后文举例聚乙烯（塑料袋原料）需要100到1000年完成该动作，泡沫塑料可以留存500年，结合常识可知这里描述的是塑料自然分解、消失的过程。A选项“变得更有用”、C选项“转化为新材料”、D选项“体积增大”均不符合语境，只有B选项“分解后消失”符合词义。
2. 第2题：逐一核对选项：A选项，原文提到每年生产超4亿吨塑料，仅9%被回收，说明大部分塑料没有被回收，表述错误；B选项，原文明确说明所有7种海龟都受到塑料污染影响，“不是所有海龟都被塑料伤害”的表述错误；C选项，原文提到微塑料进入食物链，人类会摄入和吸入塑料微粒，并未说明人类需要微塑料，表述错误；D选项，原文提到每年有1100万吨塑料泄漏进海洋，也就是超过1000万吨，表述正确。
3. 第3题：全文先引出塑料污染是当前最紧迫的环境威胁之一，接着介绍什么是塑料污染，最后说明塑料污染对海洋生物、人类都造成严重危害，核心主旨是塑料污染带来严重的全球性危害。A选项“塑料是日常生活有用的材料”原文未重点提及，C选项“如何在家减少塑料使用”原文完全没有相关内容，D选项“海洋动物有很多天敌”和原文内容无关，因此选B。
【答案】
1—3: BDB
【知识点】
词义猜测，细节理解，主旨大意
【点评】
本题属于初中英语常规难度的阅读题，主题贴合环保热点，考点覆盖了阅读理解最核心的三类题型，提醒学生做阅读题时不能仅凭主观常识选择答案，细节类题目必须回到原文找到对应依据，主旨类题目要避免以偏概全，抓住全文的核心论述方向。
【难度系数】
0.7
