一、根据句意和首字母提示写出单词，完成句子。
1. The s of the lake is very calm.
2. I'm sure you can make great progress if you go on working hard step by s.
3. A long time ago it was w believed that there was life on Mars.
4. Thomas Edison, one of the greatest i, created more than 1,000 inventions all his life.
5. Richard has an a over you since he can speak German.
6. Sadly, the old man died of h because he didn't have enough food.
7. The d of science has changed our world a lot.
8. My cousin is very helpful. He is willing to do something to s others.
9. Liu Chuanjian is one of the most outstanding p that I have ever known.
10. The teacher told his students to follow his o when they were doing experiments.
11. Nelson Mandela is a South A, a fighter for the rights of black Africans all his life.
12. Medical workers and scientists are brave enough to fight against the disease; they are the p of us.
13. Many planes couldn't l at Beijing Capital International Airport because of the fog and haze(雾霾).
14. —The report said a car was out of c and crashed into a tree.
—That's terrible. Was anyone hurt?
15. It is known to us all that the P is the largest among the four oceans.

1. surface 2. step 3. widely 4. inventors
5. advantage 6. hunger 7. development 8. serve
9. pilots 10. order(s) 11. African 12. pride
13. land 14. control 15. Pacific

【分析】
做这类首字母提示完成句子的题目时，首先要通读完整句子，准确理解句子的语义逻辑，再结合给出的首字母提示，匹配符合语境的词汇，同时还要额外注意词性要求、固定搭配规则、名词单复数变形等细节，比如遇到one of结构要想到后面接可数名词复数，修饰动词要使用副词，介词后接名词等规则，逐一推导每个空的正确答案即可。
【解析】
1. 句意为“湖面非常平静”，用the+名词+of结构表示所属关系，结合首字母s，surface意为“表面”，the surface of the lake即湖面，符合语境。
2. 句意为“我确定如果你继续一步步努力，就能取得很大进步”，固定搭配step by step意为“逐步地、一步步”，符合首字母提示和语义。
3. 句意为“很久以前人们普遍认为火星上存在生命”，此处需要副词修饰动词believed，widely意为“广泛地、普遍地”，widely believed是常用表达“普遍认为”，符合要求。
4. 句意为“托马斯·爱迪生是最伟大的发明家之一，一生创造了1000多项发明”，one of+形容词最高级后要接可数名词复数，inventor意为发明家，复数形式为inventors，符合语境。
5. 句意为“理查德比你有优势，因为他会说德语”，固定搭配have an advantage over sb.意为“比某人有优势”，符合首字母提示和语义。
6. 句意为“不幸的是，这个老人因为没有足够的食物死于饥饿”，die of后接表示死因的名词，hunger意为“饥饿”，符合“没有足够食物”的语境。
7. 句意为“科学的发展极大地改变了我们的世界”，the+名词+of结构中，development意为“发展”，the development of science即科学的发展，符合语义。
8. 句意为“我的堂兄非常乐于助人，他愿意做事情来服务他人”，不定式符号to后接动词原形，serve意为“服务”，符合乐于助人的语境。
9. 句意为“刘传健是我所知道的最杰出的飞行员之一”，one of后接可数名词复数，pilot意为飞行员，复数形式为pilots，符合刘传健的身份设定。
10. 句意为“老师告诉学生做实验的时候要听从他的指令”，order意为“指令、命令”，此处用单数或者复数orders都符合语义要求。
11. 句意为“纳尔逊·曼德拉是南非人，一生为南非黑人的权利而奋斗”，South African意为“南非人”，符合人物身份设定。
12. 句意为“医护人员和科学家足够勇敢去对抗疾病，他们是我们的骄傲”，the pride of sb.意为“某人的骄傲”，pride是名词“骄傲”，符合语境。
13. 句意为“因为雾霾，很多飞机无法在北京首都国际机场降落”，情态动词couldn't后接动词原形，land意为“降落”，符合飞机在机场的场景。
14. 句意为“报道称一辆汽车失控撞到了树上”，固定搭配out of control意为“失控”，符合撞树的语义逻辑。
15. 句意为“众所周知太平洋是四大洋中最大的”，Pacific指代太平洋，符合四大洋的常识设定。
【答案】
1. surface 2. step 3. widely 4. inventors
5. advantage 6. hunger 7. development 8. serve
9. pilots 10. order(s) 11. African 12. pride
13. land 14. control 15. Pacific
【知识点】
首字母填空，固定短语，词性辨析
【点评】
本题覆盖初中阶段核心考纲词汇，结合了生活常识、人物常识、热点场景等内容，既考察学生对句子语义的理解能力，也考察词汇识记和灵活运用的能力，同时隐含了名词单复数、副词修饰动词等基础语法考点，能有效检验学生的词汇基础是否扎实。
【难度系数】
0.7

二、根据句意用所给单词或短语的适当形式填空。
1. On its way back to the Earth, the spacecraft began . (spin)
2. Miss Li will go there by plane and her number is CA988. (fly)
3. What are your plans for the of your company? (develop)
4. Our English teacher will go abroad for education next month. (far)
5. The number of private cars in recent years in China. (increase)
6. The new method has been used in many schools in Africa. (wide)
7. Some firefighters lost their lives in the terrible fire. They are in our heart. (hero)
8. —You seemed busy when I walked past. Have you got a minute now, sir?
—Sure. I a report. It's done. So, what's up? (write)
9. —I felt so amazed and frightened when I into the dark room. (step)
—Really? What was the matter?
10. I was chosen an open class to the young English teachers. (give)
11. —Is everyone here?
—No, sir. Jim yet. He is still on the way. (not arrive)
12. We Chinese are of the great changes in our country. (pride)
13. —You look unhappy today. What's up?
—The book which I want well. There is none left in the shop. (sell)
14. The of oil made this island a busy place. (discover)
15. Zhang Ruoxu, a Tang dynasty poet, is widely for his poem A Moonlit Night on the Spring River. (know)

1. spinning 2. flight 3. development 4. further
5. has increased 6. widely 7. heroes 8. was writing
9. stepped 10. to give 11. hasn't arrived 12. proud
13. sells 14. discovery 15. known

【分析】
这道题是英语词形转换类填空题，解题思路可以按三步走：第一步先通读完整句子，分析空格在句中充当的成分，判断所需的词性（动词/名词/形容词/副词等）；第二步结合句中的固定搭配、时态标志词、主谓一致规则、特殊变形要求对所给单词进行正确变形；第三步代入句子通读检查，确认语义通顺、语法无误。比如遇到定冠词the后面优先考虑接名词，修饰动词优先考虑用副词，出现in recent years、yet这类标志词优先对应现在完成时，遇到固定短语直接套用对应词形即可。
【解析】
逐题解析如下：
1. 考查固定搭配begin doing sth（开始做某事），spin变动名词形式spinning，故填spinning。
2. 空格修饰名词number，需要将动词fly变为名词flight，flight number是固定表达“航班号”，故填flight。
3. 定冠词the后接名词，动词develop变为名词形式development，the development of...表示“……的发展”，故填development。
4. 考查固定搭配further education（深造），far的抽象比较级further表示“进一步的”，故填further。
5. 时间标志in recent years（近些年）对应现在完成时，the number of...作主语时谓语动词用单数，故填has increased。
6. 空格修饰动词used，需要将形容词wide变为副词widely（广泛地），故填widely。
7. 主语They指代多名消防员，hero需要变为复数形式heroes，故填heroes。
8. 语境表示“你刚才路过的时候我正在写报告”，用过去进行时，主语为I，故填was writing。
9. 主句谓语felt为一般过去时，从句动作和主句动作同步发生，用一般过去时，step的过去式为stepped，故填stepped。
10. 考查固定搭配be chosen to do sth（被选中做某事），故填to give。
11. 标志词yet是现在完成时否定句的典型标志，主语Jim是第三人称单数，故填hasn't arrived。
12. 考查固定搭配be proud of（以……为骄傲），名词pride要变为形容词proud，故填proud。
13. 动词sell表示事物本身属性“卖得好”时用主动形式表被动含义，主语the book是单数，用一般现在时，故填sells。
14. 定冠词the后接名词，动词discover变为名词discovery（发现），故填discovery。
15. 考查固定搭配be known for（因……而闻名），故填known。
【答案】
1. spinning 2. flight 3. development 4. further
5. has increased 6. widely 7. heroes 8. was writing
9. stepped 10. to give 11. hasn't arrived 12. proud
13. sells 14. discovery 15. known
【知识点】
词形转换，时态辨析，固定短语搭配
【点评】
本题是初中英语核心题型，综合考察了各类词形变形规则、常见时态的判断、高频固定搭配的应用，同时涉及主谓一致、主动表被动等易错考点，能够有效检验学生的句子成分分析能力和基础语法掌握程度，其中sell的主动表被动用法、further的抽象含义是学生容易失分的点。
【难度系数】
0.6