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一、阅读理解
①All living things need energy and animals get it from their food. But do you know how energy is transferred(转移) among living things?
②Animals get energy in different ways. Plants, known as producers, get their energy from sunshine. Animals must eat plants or other animals to live. For example, snails and insects like grasshoppers feed on plants to get the energy they need. In turn, these animals can be the food of bigger animals, like birds or frogs. But they are not the final bosses but foxes.
③When they get energy from other living things, they will also get some harmful substances(物质) from one to another. That means the higher the living things are in a food chain(食物链), the larger amount(数量) of harmful substances they will get.
④In a food chain, animals that consume plants as their main food are called primary consumers such as deer, grasshoppers, and snails. In most food chains, elementary consumers become food of secondary consumers. For example, a small fish can eat algae(藻类) and then be eaten by a bigger fish. Tertiary(第三级的) consumers are the third level in a food chain, like snakes or sea lions. Energy is passed at each stage of the food chain until it reaches the top predators(捕食者), like lions or sharks.
⑤Food chains are important for a healthy environment. If one part of the food chain is changed, it can cause problems for the whole chain. For example, insects are very important for frogs. Studies show that the number of insects has decreased by about 40% in the past 30 years due to overuse of pesticides(杀虫剂). Without enough insects, frogs will have less food to eat, and their number will drop. This can cause a decrease in the snake population, as snakes depend on frogs for food. Finally, eagles, which eat snakes, may also see a drop in their numbers.
⑥In conclusion, each part of the food chain plays an important role. Let's work together to protect the balance of nature and ensure a healthy planet for all living things.
(
(
A. Give.
B. Find.
C. Eat.
D. Grow.
(
A. Giving examples.
B. Explaining reasons.
C. Listing numbers.
D. Comparing similarities and differences.
(
A. The number of eagles may bring change to that of foxes.
B. Top predators would like to eat all the living things in the whole food chain.
C. The change of one part of a food chain can cause problems for the whole chain.
D. Secondary consumers play a more important part in food chains than tertiary ones.
①All living things need energy and animals get it from their food. But do you know how energy is transferred(转移) among living things?
②Animals get energy in different ways. Plants, known as producers, get their energy from sunshine. Animals must eat plants or other animals to live. For example, snails and insects like grasshoppers feed on plants to get the energy they need. In turn, these animals can be the food of bigger animals, like birds or frogs. But they are not the final bosses but foxes.
③When they get energy from other living things, they will also get some harmful substances(物质) from one to another. That means the higher the living things are in a food chain(食物链), the larger amount(数量) of harmful substances they will get.
④In a food chain, animals that consume plants as their main food are called primary consumers such as deer, grasshoppers, and snails. In most food chains, elementary consumers become food of secondary consumers. For example, a small fish can eat algae(藻类) and then be eaten by a bigger fish. Tertiary(第三级的) consumers are the third level in a food chain, like snakes or sea lions. Energy is passed at each stage of the food chain until it reaches the top predators(捕食者), like lions or sharks.
⑤Food chains are important for a healthy environment. If one part of the food chain is changed, it can cause problems for the whole chain. For example, insects are very important for frogs. Studies show that the number of insects has decreased by about 40% in the past 30 years due to overuse of pesticides(杀虫剂). Without enough insects, frogs will have less food to eat, and their number will drop. This can cause a decrease in the snake population, as snakes depend on frogs for food. Finally, eagles, which eat snakes, may also see a drop in their numbers.
⑥In conclusion, each part of the food chain plays an important role. Let's work together to protect the balance of nature and ensure a healthy planet for all living things.
(
B
)1. According to the passage, what are the kinds of living things in Figure 1?(
C
)2. Which word shares the same meaning with the underlined word "consume" in Paragraph ④?A. Give.
B. Find.
C. Eat.
D. Grow.
(
D
)3. Which of the following ways is NOT used by the writer to develop his idea?A. Giving examples.
B. Explaining reasons.
C. Listing numbers.
D. Comparing similarities and differences.
(
A
)4. What can you infer(推断) from the passage?A. The number of eagles may bring change to that of foxes.
B. Top predators would like to eat all the living things in the whole food chain.
C. The change of one part of a food chain can cause problems for the whole chain.
D. Secondary consumers play a more important part in food chains than tertiary ones.
答案
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了食物链中每个部分的重要性，呼吁一起保护自然的平衡。
1. B 图示理解题。根据“That means the higher the living things are in a food chain, the larger amount of harmful
substances they will get.”可知，生物在食物链中的位置越高，它们摄入的有害物质就越多。图表 1 反映了 a、b、c、d 四种生物体内的有害物质，由此可以得知四种生物在食物链中的位置由低到高依次是：d→b→a→c。再结合四个选项可知，B 选项中的生物与图表对应。故选 B。
2. C 词义猜测题。根据“In a food chain, animals that consume plants as their main food are called primary consumers such as deer, grasshoppers, and snails.”及“For example, a small fish can eat algae and then be eaten by a bigger fish.”可知，此处的 consume 与下文的 eat 词义相似。故选 C。
3. D 推理判断题。根据文中“For example, snails and insects like grasshoppers feed on plants to get the energy they need.”可知，这里作者运用了举例子的方法；再根据“This can cause a decrease in the snake population, as snakes depend on frogs for food. Finally, eagles, which eat snakes, may also see a drop in their numbers.”可知，此处作者在解释原因；再根据“Studies show that the number of insects has decreased by about 40% in the past 30 years due to overuse of pesticides.”可知，此处作者在列数字。故可以排除选项 A、B、C 项。故选 D。
4. A 推理判断题。根据“In turn, these animals can be the food of bigger animals, like birds or frogs. But they are not the final bosses but foxes.”及“Without enough insects, frogs will have less food to eat... Finally, eagles, which eat snakes, may also see a drop in their numbers.”可知，鹰以蛇为食，蛇以青蛙为食，而狐狸也以青蛙为食。由此可知，鹰与狐狸在食物链之间存在关系，当鹰的数量增加或减少时，青蛙的数量会产生变化，进而导致狐狸的数量也会产生变化。故选 A。
1. B 图示理解题。根据“That means the higher the living things are in a food chain, the larger amount of harmful
substances they will get.”可知，生物在食物链中的位置越高，它们摄入的有害物质就越多。图表 1 反映了 a、b、c、d 四种生物体内的有害物质，由此可以得知四种生物在食物链中的位置由低到高依次是：d→b→a→c。再结合四个选项可知，B 选项中的生物与图表对应。故选 B。
2. C 词义猜测题。根据“In a food chain, animals that consume plants as their main food are called primary consumers such as deer, grasshoppers, and snails.”及“For example, a small fish can eat algae and then be eaten by a bigger fish.”可知，此处的 consume 与下文的 eat 词义相似。故选 C。
3. D 推理判断题。根据文中“For example, snails and insects like grasshoppers feed on plants to get the energy they need.”可知，这里作者运用了举例子的方法；再根据“This can cause a decrease in the snake population, as snakes depend on frogs for food. Finally, eagles, which eat snakes, may also see a drop in their numbers.”可知，此处作者在解释原因；再根据“Studies show that the number of insects has decreased by about 40% in the past 30 years due to overuse of pesticides.”可知，此处作者在列数字。故可以排除选项 A、B、C 项。故选 D。
4. A 推理判断题。根据“In turn, these animals can be the food of bigger animals, like birds or frogs. But they are not the final bosses but foxes.”及“Without enough insects, frogs will have less food to eat... Finally, eagles, which eat snakes, may also see a drop in their numbers.”可知，鹰以蛇为食，蛇以青蛙为食，而狐狸也以青蛙为食。由此可知，鹰与狐狸在食物链之间存在关系，当鹰的数量增加或减少时，青蛙的数量会产生变化，进而导致狐狸的数量也会产生变化。故选 A。
解析
【分析】
这是一篇介绍食物链相关知识的科普说明文，4道题分别对应不同的阅读考点，解题思路如下：
1. 第1题是图示理解题，先定位原文关于食物链层级和有害物质积累关系的描述：生物在食物链中位置越高，体内的有害物质总量越多，再根据图示里不同生物的有害物质含量排序，匹配对应食物链层级的生物组合就能选出答案。
2. 第2题是词义猜测题，定位划线词所在的第4段，结合后文对初级消费者的举例、以及上下文出现的同义提示词，就能快速匹配和consume含义一致的选项。
3. 第3题是论证手法判断题，逐个核对选项，先找出文中明确用到的举例子、解释原因、列数字三类手法，排除后剩下的就是作者没有使用的方法。
4. 第4题是推理判断题，注意题干要求选择“推断得出”的内容，先排除原文直接给出的陈述类干扰项，再逐一验证选项逻辑是否符合食物链的传递规则，选出正确答案。
【解析】
1. 根据原文第3段"That means the higher the living things are in a food chain, the larger amount of harmful substances they will get."可知，食物链中生物所处层级越高，体内积累的有害物质越多，按照图示有害物质含量从低到高的顺序匹配对应生物的食物链层级，只有B选项的生物组合符合该对应规则，因此选B。
2. 定位划线词"consume"所在的第4段，句子描述的是“以植物作为主要食物的动物被称为初级消费者”，后文多次用eat描述生物的进食行为作为同义提示，因此consume的含义和“吃”一致，故选C。
3. 逐一核对论证手法：文中多次用"For example"引入案例，用到了举例子的方法，排除A；第5段完整解释了杀虫剂滥用引发食物链各环节数量依次下降的因果逻辑，用到了解释原因的方法，排除B；文中明确给出"the number of insects has decreased by about 40% in the past 30 years"的具体数据，用到了列数字的方法，排除C；全文没有出现对比事物异同的相关表述，作者没有使用比较异同的方法，故选D。
4. 逐一验证选项：选项C的内容是原文第5段直接明确陈述的信息，不属于“推断”得出的结论，不符合题干要求；选项B顶级捕食者吃掉食物链所有生物的表述完全不符合原文逻辑；选项D文中没有提及次级消费者比三级消费者更重要的相关内容，表述错误；结合食物链传递逻辑，鹰的数量变化会引发蛇的数量变化，进而影响青蛙的种群数量，最终会作用到同样以青蛙为食的狐狸的数量上，可以推断出鹰的数量可能给狐狸的数量带来变化，A选项表述正确，故选A。
【答案】
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A
【知识点】
1. 英语词义猜测
2. 说明文论证方法
3. 阅读理解推理判断
【点评】
本题属于跨生物学科的科普类阅读，既考察常规英语阅读解题能力，还融入了生物食物链富集的相关常识，易错点集中在第4题，不少学生容易忽略题干“推断”的限定要求，误选原文直接给出的C选项，能够有效锻炼学生审题抓取限定条件、区分原文直接信息和推理信息的能力。
【难度系数】
0.45
这是一篇介绍食物链相关知识的科普说明文，4道题分别对应不同的阅读考点，解题思路如下：
1. 第1题是图示理解题，先定位原文关于食物链层级和有害物质积累关系的描述：生物在食物链中位置越高，体内的有害物质总量越多，再根据图示里不同生物的有害物质含量排序，匹配对应食物链层级的生物组合就能选出答案。
2. 第2题是词义猜测题，定位划线词所在的第4段，结合后文对初级消费者的举例、以及上下文出现的同义提示词，就能快速匹配和consume含义一致的选项。
3. 第3题是论证手法判断题，逐个核对选项，先找出文中明确用到的举例子、解释原因、列数字三类手法，排除后剩下的就是作者没有使用的方法。
4. 第4题是推理判断题，注意题干要求选择“推断得出”的内容，先排除原文直接给出的陈述类干扰项，再逐一验证选项逻辑是否符合食物链的传递规则，选出正确答案。
【解析】
1. 根据原文第3段"That means the higher the living things are in a food chain, the larger amount of harmful substances they will get."可知，食物链中生物所处层级越高，体内积累的有害物质越多，按照图示有害物质含量从低到高的顺序匹配对应生物的食物链层级，只有B选项的生物组合符合该对应规则，因此选B。
2. 定位划线词"consume"所在的第4段，句子描述的是“以植物作为主要食物的动物被称为初级消费者”，后文多次用eat描述生物的进食行为作为同义提示，因此consume的含义和“吃”一致，故选C。
3. 逐一核对论证手法：文中多次用"For example"引入案例，用到了举例子的方法，排除A；第5段完整解释了杀虫剂滥用引发食物链各环节数量依次下降的因果逻辑，用到了解释原因的方法，排除B；文中明确给出"the number of insects has decreased by about 40% in the past 30 years"的具体数据，用到了列数字的方法，排除C；全文没有出现对比事物异同的相关表述，作者没有使用比较异同的方法，故选D。
4. 逐一验证选项：选项C的内容是原文第5段直接明确陈述的信息，不属于“推断”得出的结论，不符合题干要求；选项B顶级捕食者吃掉食物链所有生物的表述完全不符合原文逻辑；选项D文中没有提及次级消费者比三级消费者更重要的相关内容，表述错误；结合食物链传递逻辑，鹰的数量变化会引发蛇的数量变化，进而影响青蛙的种群数量，最终会作用到同样以青蛙为食的狐狸的数量上，可以推断出鹰的数量可能给狐狸的数量带来变化，A选项表述正确，故选A。
【答案】
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A
【知识点】
1. 英语词义猜测
2. 说明文论证方法
3. 阅读理解推理判断
【点评】
本题属于跨生物学科的科普类阅读，既考察常规英语阅读解题能力，还融入了生物食物链富集的相关常识，易错点集中在第4题，不少学生容易忽略题干“推断”的限定要求，误选原文直接给出的C选项，能够有效锻炼学生审题抓取限定条件、区分原文直接信息和推理信息的能力。
【难度系数】
0.45
