1. [2026泉州期末]将下列长度的三根木棒首尾顺次连接,不能组成直角三角形的是 (
A.$1,2,\sqrt{3}$
B.$1,1,\sqrt{2}$
C.$4,5,6$
D.$1,2,\sqrt{5}$
C
)A.$1,2,\sqrt{3}$
B.$1,1,\sqrt{2}$
C.$4,5,6$
D.$1,2,\sqrt{5}$
答案
选项A,$1^2 + (\sqrt{3})^2 = 2^2$,能组成直角三角形;选项B,$1^2 + 1^2 = (\sqrt{2})^2$,能组成直角三角形;选项C,$4^2 + 5^2 ≠ 6^2$,不能组成直角三角形;选项D,$1^2 + 2^2 = (\sqrt{5})^2$,能组成直角三角形.
2. 在$△ ABC$中,若$AC^2 - BC^2 = AB^2$,则(
A.$∠ A = 90°$
B.$∠ B = 90°$
C.$∠ C = 90°$
D.不能确定
B
)A.$∠ A = 90°$
B.$∠ B = 90°$
C.$∠ C = 90°$
D.不能确定
答案
$\because AC^2 - BC^2 = AB^2,\therefore AC^2 = BC^2 + AB^2,\therefore △ ABC$是以AC为斜边的直角三角形,且$∠ B = 90°$.
3. 如图,将△ABC放在网格中(每个小正方形的边长均为1),点A,B,C恰好在网格图中的格点上,则∠ABC的度数为
45°
. 答案
由勾股定理,得$AC^2 = 1^2 + 2^2 = 5$,$BC^2 = 1^2 + 3^2 = 10$,$AB^2 = 1^2 + 2^2 = 5$,$\therefore AB = AC$,$AC^2 + AB^2 = BC^2$,$\therefore △ ACB$是等腰直角三角形,$∠ BAC = 90°$,$\therefore ∠ ABC = 45°$.
4. [2026西安期末]如图,在△ABC中,点D在BC上,AB=13,AD=12,AC=15,BD=5,求△ABC的面积.

答案
解:$\because AD^2 + BD^2 = 12^2 + 5^2 = 169$,$AB^2 = 13^2 = 169$,
$\therefore AD^2 + BD^2 = AB^2$,$\therefore ∠ ADB = ∠ ADC = 90°$,
$\therefore CD = \sqrt{AC^2 - AD^2} = \sqrt{15^2 - 12^2} = 9$,
$\therefore BC = BD + DC = 5 + 9 = 14$,
$\therefore △ ABC$ 面积为 $\frac{1}{2} BC · AD = \frac{1}{2} × 14 × 12 = 84$.
$\therefore AD^2 + BD^2 = AB^2$,$\therefore ∠ ADB = ∠ ADC = 90°$,
$\therefore CD = \sqrt{AC^2 - AD^2} = \sqrt{15^2 - 12^2} = 9$,
$\therefore BC = BD + DC = 5 + 9 = 14$,
$\therefore △ ABC$ 面积为 $\frac{1}{2} BC · AD = \frac{1}{2} × 14 × 12 = 84$.
5. 教材P125例4变式 [2025长春东北师大附中月考] 已知$a,b,c$是$△ ABC$的三边长,$a = m^2 - n^2$,$b = m^2 + n^2$,$c = 2mn(m > n, m,n$均为正整数$)$。求证:$△ ABC$是直角三角形。
答案
证明:$\because m > n,\therefore (m - n)^2 > 0$,
即$m^2 - 2mn + n^2 > 0$,$\therefore m^2 + n^2 > 2mn$.
$\because m^2 + n^2 > m^2 - n^2$,$\therefore m^2 + n^2$ 是最长边.
$\because (m^2 - n^2)^2 + (2mn)^2 = m^4 + 2m^2n^2 + n^4 = (m^2 + n^2)^2$,
即$a^2 + c^2 = b^2$,$\therefore △ ABC$ 是直角三角形.
即$m^2 - 2mn + n^2 > 0$,$\therefore m^2 + n^2 > 2mn$.
$\because m^2 + n^2 > m^2 - n^2$,$\therefore m^2 + n^2$ 是最长边.
$\because (m^2 - n^2)^2 + (2mn)^2 = m^4 + 2m^2n^2 + n^4 = (m^2 + n^2)^2$,
即$a^2 + c^2 = b^2$,$\therefore △ ABC$ 是直角三角形.
6. 下列各组数中,是勾股数的是 (
A.$\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{5}$
B.$2,3,4$
C.$8,15,17$
D.$7,24,26$
C
)A.$\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{5}$
B.$2,3,4$
C.$8,15,17$
D.$7,24,26$
答案
$\because$ A选项中的数不是整数,$\therefore$ 不是勾股数;$\because 2^2 + 3^2 ≠ 4^2$,$7^2 + 24^2 ≠ 26^2$,$\therefore$ B,D选项中的数不是勾股数;$\because 8^2 + 15^2 = 17^2$,且8,15,17都是正整数,$\therefore$ C选项中的数是勾股数.
7. [2025新乡期末]观察下列几组勾股数:3,4,5;5,12,13;7,24,25;….这类勾股数的特点是勾为奇数,弦与股相差1.还有一类勾股数,其特点是勾为偶数,弦与股相差2,例如6,8,10;8,15,17;….若此类勾股数的勾为12,则其弦是
37
.答案
设弦是$x$,则股为$x - 2$,则$12^2 + (x - 2)^2 = x^2$,解得$x = 37$.
8. [2026泰安期末]能与5,12组成一组勾股数的数是
13
.答案
$\because \sqrt{5^2 + 12^2} = 13$,$\sqrt{12^2 - 5^2} = \sqrt{119}$,13为正整数,$\sqrt{119}$不是正整数,$\therefore$ 只有13满足题意.
9. [2025天水麦积区期末]如图,
,甲、乙两艘客轮同时离开港口O,航行的速度均为400 m/min,甲客轮用1.5 min到达A地,乙客轮用2 min到达B地。若A,B两地的直线距离为1000 m,甲客轮沿北偏东30°的方向航行,则乙客轮航行的方向是
北偏西60°
。答案
根据题意,得甲客轮行驶的路程为$400 × 1.5 = 600(\mathrm{m})$,乙客轮航行的路程为$400 × 2 = 800(\mathrm{m})$.
$\because 600^2 + 800^2 = 1000^2$,$\therefore$ 甲、乙两艘客轮航行的路线互相垂直,即$∠ AOB = 90°$.$\because$ 甲客轮沿北偏东$30°$方向航行,$90° - 30° = 60°$,$\therefore$ 乙客轮沿北偏西$60°$方向航行.
$\because 600^2 + 800^2 = 1000^2$,$\therefore$ 甲、乙两艘客轮航行的路线互相垂直,即$∠ AOB = 90°$.$\because$ 甲客轮沿北偏东$30°$方向航行,$90° - 30° = 60°$,$\therefore$ 乙客轮沿北偏西$60°$方向航行.
10. 教材P141 复习题T11 变式 [2025 乐山期末] 如图,在四边形ABCD中,AB = AD = 6,∠A = 60°,BC = 10,CD = 8,求∠ADC的度数. 
答案
解:如图,连接BD.
$\because AB = AD = 6$,$∠ A = 60°$,
$\therefore △ ABD$是等边三角形,$\therefore BD = 6$,$∠ ADB = 60°$.
又$\because CD = 8$,$\therefore BD^2 + CD^2 = 6^2 + 8^2 = 100$.
$\because BC^2 = 10^2 = 100$,$\therefore BD^2 + CD^2 = BC^2$,
$\therefore △ BDC$是直角三角形,且$∠ BDC = 90°$,
$\therefore ∠ ADC = ∠ ADB + ∠ BDC = 60° + 90° = 150°$.
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