Passage 21
Food waste is a world's problem. Every year, about 1.3 billion tons, (1)
one third of all the food produce is thrown away, according to a survey. Just 25 per cent of that
wasted food could feed 870 million (2) (hunger) people. The people of
France wasted only 234 pounds of food per person, which is much less compared to some other
(3) (country).
In the past, France wasn't good at (4) (reduce) food waste, but now the
country takes the lead. A law was made by the French government. It made France the first country
in the world to prevent supermarkets from throwing away food (5) is unused.
Now supermarkets of a certain size must donate unused food, or they (6)
(fine). There are other rules requiring schools (7) (teach) students about food
sustainability(可持续性). They also require companies to report the food waste data in their
environmental reports, and restaurants should provide take-out bags.
These laws make it a standard to reduce waste. France is not the country that wastes
(8) (little) food, but Frenchmen have become the most active because they
want to be the example in Europe. So far, this step (9) (influence) parts of
French food industry. It is everyone's duty to fight (10) food waste.
Everyone on the earth should pay attention and take action.

1. or 2. hungry 3. countries 4. reducing 5. that/which 6. will be fined 7. to teach 8. the
least 9. has influenced 10. against

【分析】
这是一篇围绕全球食物浪费、法国出台政策治理食物浪费主题的语法填空题，解题思路如下：第一步先通读全文，把握文章核心主旨，明确全文的时态基调，整体以一般现在时、现在完成时为主。第二步逐句分析空格所在的句子结构，先判断空格需要的成分和词性：如果空格后是名词，优先考虑是否需要形容词作定语；介词后接动词要转换为动名词形式；遇到定语从句先找先行词、判断从句缺什么成分选对应的关系词；结合固定搭配的规则、时态的标志性提示词、被动语态的语境提示，逐一推导每个空的正确形式即可。
【解析】
1. 空前的“about 1.3 billion tons”和空后的“one third of all the food produce”是对同一事物的两种等价表述，意为“大约13亿吨，也就是占所有产出食物的三分之一”，用并列连词or表“或者说、即”，故填or。
2. 空后是名词people，需要形容词作定语修饰people，名词hunger的形容词形式是hungry，意为“饥饿的”，故填hungry。
3. 空前的other表示“其他的”，后接可数名词复数，country的复数形式是countries，故填countries。
4. 固定搭配be good at doing sth. 意为“擅长做某事”，介词at后要接动名词，reduce的动名词形式是reducing，故填reducing。
5. 此处是定语从句，先行词是指代物的food，从句中缺少主语，可用关系代词that/which引导该定语从句，故填that/which。
6. 语境为“达到一定规模的超市必须捐赠未使用的食物，否则他们将会被罚款”，主语they指代超市，和动词fine（罚款）是被动关系，描述规则生效后的结果用一般将来时的被动语态，结构为will be+过去分词，故填will be fined。
7. 固定搭配require sb. to do sth. 意为“要求某人做某事”，符合“要求学校教授学生食物可持续相关知识”的语境，故填to teach。
8. 句意为“法国不是浪费食物最少的国家”，此处要用little的最高级形式the least，表“最少”，故填the least。
9. 时间标志词so far（到目前为止）是现在完成时的典型提示，主语this step是单数，谓语用现在完成时的单数形式has influenced，故填has influenced。
10. 固定搭配fight against sth. 意为“对抗、反对某事”，此处指反对食物浪费，故填against。
【答案】
1. or 2. hungry 3. countries 4. reducing 5. that/which 6. will be fined 7. to teach 8. the least 9. has influenced 10. against
【知识点】
语法填空，定语从句，固定搭配
【点评】
本题以节约食物的环保主题为载体，考点覆盖词性转换、名词复数、非谓语动词、定语从句、被动语态、形容词最高级、现在完成时等高中英语语法填空的高频考点，难度适中，既能够检验学生的基础语法掌握熟练度，也能引导学生树立反对食物浪费的环保意识。
【难度系数】
0.6

Passage 22
I recently heard a story about a famous scientist. Because of his great achievements, he was
thought to be more creative than the common person. When he (1) (ask)
why he was able to do this, he gave the answer. It all came from an experience with his mother
when he was about three years old. "I (2) (try) to get a bottle of milk from
the fridge when I dropped the bottle and it fell, spilling(洒出) the milk all over the floor—a sea
of milk! I was afraid and I didn't know what to do!" he said.
His mother heard the noise and got into the kitchen. "I don't know how to explain all this to
you, Mum," he said. He imagined his mother would get (3) (patient), but
in fact, she didn't. Seeing the (4) (tidy) floor, instead of punishing him, his
mother said, "Robert, what a great mess you (5) (make)! Well, since the
milk has already been spilled, there's no use getting angry about it now. We
(6) (clean) it up after that." Then, he did so. After a few minutes, his mother
said, "You know, Robert, whenever you make a mistake, finally you have to make things
(7) (correct)." He used a sponge(海绵) and together they cleaned up the
spilled milk.
His mother then said, "You know, we failed to carry a big milk bottle with two tiny hands
just now. Let's go to the yard and fill the bottle with water to see (8) you can
find a way to carry it." Then the little boy learned that if he grasped(抓紧) the bottle at the top
with both hands, he could carry it (9) dropping it.
The (10) (pleasant) of learning the lesson encouraged the boy to keep
trying in his life!

1. was asked 2. was trying 3. impatient 4. untidy 5. have made 6. will clean/are going to
clean 7. correctly 8. if/whether 9. without 10. pleasure

【分析】
这是一篇记叙文类语法填空题，解题时首先要通读全文，梳理整个科学家童年的故事脉络，确定整体叙事的基础时态为一般过去时。接下来区分两类空的解题逻辑：有提示词的空优先结合时态语态、句子成分、上下文语义推导词形的正确变形；无提示词的空结合句子结构判断需要的功能词（连词、介词等），逐空匹配语法规则和语境含义，就能顺理成章得出答案。
【解析】
1. 第一空：主语he和动词ask是被动关系，表达“他被问到为什么能取得这样的成就”，事件发生在过去，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，因此填was asked。
2. 第二空：固定结构be doing...when...表示“正在做某事这时突然发生另一动作”，描述他三岁时正尝试拿牛奶的过去进行动作，主语为I，be动词用was，因此填was trying。
3. 第三空：根据后文“但事实上妈妈并没有（生气）”，可知小男孩原本以为妈妈会变得不耐烦，形容词patient的反义词加否定前缀im-，因此填impatient。
4. 第四空：地板上洒满了牛奶，因此是不整洁的，形容词tidy的反义词加否定前缀un-，修饰名词floor，因此填untidy。
5. 第五空：直接引语中强调“你现在搞得一团糟”，用现在完成时体现过去动作对当下的影响，主语为you，因此填have made。
6. 第六空：句中时间状语after that指代后续要做的事，描述还未发生的将来动作，用一般将来时，因此填will clean/are going to clean。
7. 第七空：此处需要副词修饰动作，形容词correct的副词形式为correctly，表达“把事情正确地处理好”，因此填correctly。
8. 第八空：句意为“看看你是否能找到拿瓶子的方法”，引导宾语从句表示“是否”，因此填if/whether。
9. 第九空：句意为“他可以双手抓住瓶子顶部，拿着它不会掉落”，介词without后接动名词，表达“没有、不”的含义，因此填without。
10. 第十空：定冠词The后面需要接名词作主语，形容词pleasant的名词形式为pleasure，表达“这份学到经验的愉悦感”，因此填pleasure。
【答案】
1. was asked 2. was trying 3. impatient 4. untidy 5. have made 6. will clean/are going to clean 7. correctly 8. if/whether 9. without 10. pleasure
【知识点】
动词时态语态，词形转换，功能词辨析
【点评】
本题结合趣味教育故事考察初中英语核心语法考点，既覆盖了时态、被动语态这类高频句法考点，也考察了否定前缀变形、词性转换这类词法考点，还需要学生结合上下文语义反向推导词义，避免脱离语境硬套语法的误区，同时兼具人文教育意义。
【难度系数】
0.6