21. 学科特色教材变式「2026山东济南实验中学月考,★☆」(10分)如图,$△ ABC$是一块锐角三角形余料,边$BC=120\ \mathrm{mm}$,高$AD=80\ \mathrm{mm}$,要把它加工成矩形零件$PNMQ$,使一边在$BC$上,其余两个顶点分别在边$AB$,$AC$上,$PQ$交$AD$于$H$点.
(1)当点$P$恰好为$AB$中点时,$PQ=\_\_\_\_\_\_\mathrm{mm}$.
(2)若矩形$PNMQ$的周长为$220\ \mathrm{mm}$,求$PN$的长.

(1)当点$P$恰好为$AB$中点时,$PQ=\_\_\_\_\_\_\mathrm{mm}$.
(2)若矩形$PNMQ$的周长为$220\ \mathrm{mm}$,求$PN$的长.
答案
21.解析 (1)60.详解:$\because$ 四边形 PNMQ 为矩形,$\therefore PQ// BC$,
又$\because$ 点 P 为 AB 中点,$\therefore \frac{AP}{PB}=\frac{AQ}{QC}=1$,$\therefore PQ$为$△ ABC$的中位线,$\therefore PQ=\frac{1}{2}BC=60\ \mathrm{mm}$.故答案为 60.
(2)$\because$ 四边形 PNMQ 为矩形,
$\therefore PQ// BC,∠ NPQ=∠ PNM=90°$,
$\because AD⊥ BC,\therefore PQ⊥ AD$,
$\therefore$ 四边形 PNDH 为矩形,$\therefore PN=DH$,
$\therefore AH=AD-DH=80-PN$,
$\because$ 矩形 PNMQ 的周长为 220 mm,
$\therefore PQ=110-PN$,
$\because PQ// BC,\therefore △ APQ∽ △ ABC$,
$\therefore \frac{AH}{AD}=\frac{PQ}{BC},\therefore \frac{80-PN}{80}=\frac{110-PN}{120},\therefore PN=20\ \mathrm{mm}$.
又$\because$ 点 P 为 AB 中点,$\therefore \frac{AP}{PB}=\frac{AQ}{QC}=1$,$\therefore PQ$为$△ ABC$的中位线,$\therefore PQ=\frac{1}{2}BC=60\ \mathrm{mm}$.故答案为 60.
(2)$\because$ 四边形 PNMQ 为矩形,
$\therefore PQ// BC,∠ NPQ=∠ PNM=90°$,
$\because AD⊥ BC,\therefore PQ⊥ AD$,
$\therefore$ 四边形 PNDH 为矩形,$\therefore PN=DH$,
$\therefore AH=AD-DH=80-PN$,
$\because$ 矩形 PNMQ 的周长为 220 mm,
$\therefore PQ=110-PN$,
$\because PQ// BC,\therefore △ APQ∽ △ ABC$,
$\therefore \frac{AH}{AD}=\frac{PQ}{BC},\therefore \frac{80-PN}{80}=\frac{110-PN}{120},\therefore PN=20\ \mathrm{mm}$.
22. 学科特色 一线三等角模型 「2026 贵州铜仁期中,★★☆」(12分)体验:
(1)如图①,在四边形ABCD中,AB//CD,∠B=90°,点M在BC边上,当∠AMD=90°时,可知△ABM
探究:
(2)如图②,在四边形ABCD中,点M在BC上,当∠B=∠C=∠AMD时,求证:△ABM∽△MCD.
拓展:
(3)如图③,在△ABC中,点M是边BC的中点,点D,E分别在边AB,AC上.若$∠B=∠C=∠DME=45°,BC=10\sqrt{2},CE=8,$求DE的长.

(1)如图①,在四边形ABCD中,AB//CD,∠B=90°,点M在BC边上,当∠AMD=90°时,可知△ABM
∽
△MCD(不要求证明).探究:
(2)如图②,在四边形ABCD中,点M在BC上,当∠B=∠C=∠AMD时,求证:△ABM∽△MCD.
拓展:
(3)如图③,在△ABC中,点M是边BC的中点,点D,E分别在边AB,AC上.若$∠B=∠C=∠DME=45°,BC=10\sqrt{2},CE=8,$求DE的长.
答案
22.解析 (1)$∽$.详解:$\because ∠ AMD=90°,\therefore ∠ AMB+∠ DMC=90°$,$\because ∠ B=90°,\therefore ∠ AMB+∠ BAM=90°,\therefore ∠ BAM=∠ DMC$,$\because AB// CD,∠ B=90°,\therefore ∠ C=180°-∠ B=90°$,$\therefore ∠ B=∠ C,\therefore △ ABM∽ △ MCD$,故答案为$∽$.
(2)证明: $\because ∠ AMC=∠ BAM+∠ B=∠ AMD+∠ CMD$,$∠ B=∠ AMD$,
$\therefore ∠ BAM=∠ CMD$,
又$\because ∠ B=∠ C,\therefore △ ABM∽ △ MCD$.
(3)同(2)可得$△ BDM∽ △ CME,\therefore \frac{BD}{BM}=\frac{CM}{CE}$,
$\because$ 点 M 是边 BC 的中点,$\therefore BM=CM=5\sqrt{2}$,
$\because CE=8,\therefore \frac{BD}{5\sqrt{2}}=\frac{5\sqrt{2}}{8},\therefore BD=\frac{25}{4}$,
$\because ∠ B=∠ C=45°$,
$\therefore ∠ A=180°-∠ B-∠ C=90°,AB=AC$,
$\therefore AC=AB=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}BC=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}×10\sqrt{2}=10$,
$\therefore AD=AB-BD=10-\frac{25}{4}=\frac{15}{4},AE=AC-CE=10-8=2$,
在$\mathrm{Rt}△ ADE$中,$DE=\sqrt{AD^2+AE^2}=\sqrt{(\frac{15}{4})^2+2^2}=\frac{17}{4}$.
(2)证明: $\because ∠ AMC=∠ BAM+∠ B=∠ AMD+∠ CMD$,$∠ B=∠ AMD$,
$\therefore ∠ BAM=∠ CMD$,
又$\because ∠ B=∠ C,\therefore △ ABM∽ △ MCD$.
(3)同(2)可得$△ BDM∽ △ CME,\therefore \frac{BD}{BM}=\frac{CM}{CE}$,
$\because$ 点 M 是边 BC 的中点,$\therefore BM=CM=5\sqrt{2}$,
$\because CE=8,\therefore \frac{BD}{5\sqrt{2}}=\frac{5\sqrt{2}}{8},\therefore BD=\frac{25}{4}$,
$\because ∠ B=∠ C=45°$,
$\therefore ∠ A=180°-∠ B-∠ C=90°,AB=AC$,
$\therefore AC=AB=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}BC=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}×10\sqrt{2}=10$,
$\therefore AD=AB-BD=10-\frac{25}{4}=\frac{15}{4},AE=AC-CE=10-8=2$,
在$\mathrm{Rt}△ ADE$中,$DE=\sqrt{AD^2+AE^2}=\sqrt{(\frac{15}{4})^2+2^2}=\frac{17}{4}$.
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