四、阅读短文，在文中空白处填入1个适当的单词，或用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。
On 25 April 2024, China 1 (successful) sent the Shenzhou-18 spaceship with astronauts on board. This marked another great success in China's space exploration efforts. The mission commander (任务指令长) was Ye Guangfu, 2 astronaut with rich experience and leadership skills.
Ye grew up in a small village in Sichuan. He 3 (inspire) by the strength of his mother, who took on the responsibility of raising Ye and his sister after their father passed away early.
Ye recalled how hard it was for his family 4 (find) enough money, even just fifty yuan, for him to try out to become an air force pilot. 5 the journey didn't start smoothly, his love for flying and hard work got him into the Air Force Aviation University of China. This 6 (decide) changed his life. In 2009, Ye decided to reach even 7 (high) and applied to be an astronaut. The journey wasn't easy. He had to go through hard training, like surviving in the wild for 48 hours. He even trained in caves in Europe, where he had to find his way through dark, wet caves. This made him the 8 (one) Chinese person to finish this training.
Becoming an astronaut, one must face many 9 (challenge) and disappointments. But Ye never gave up on his dream. His hard work paid off when he flew into space on the Shenzhou-13 mission on 16 October 2021. Ye was thankful for all the difficult times because they helped him keep going and stick 10 his dreams.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

1. successfully
2. an
3. was inspired
4. to find
5. Although/Though
6. decision
7. higher
8. first
9. challenges
10. to

【分析】
这是一篇记叙类语法填空题，解题时首先通读全文，明确文章整体以一般过去时为主，介绍航天员叶光富的成长与追梦经历。接下来逐个分析空格：首先判断空格在句中充当的成分，结合词性转换规则、固定句型/搭配、句子逻辑关系推导答案：修饰动词要用副词，泛指可数名词单数且以元音开头用an，主语和动词是被动关系要变被动语态，it作形式主语时真正主语用不定式，前后句让步逻辑用although/though引导，句子缺主语要把动词变为名词，even后常接比较级，the后常接序数词，many后接可数名词复数，固定搭配stick to表示坚持梦想，一步步推导就能得到所有正确答案。
【解析】
1. 此处需要副词修饰动词sent，形容词successful的副词形式为successfully，因此填successfully。
2. 此处表示泛指“一名经验丰富的宇航员”，astronaut是以元音音素开头的可数名词单数，因此填不定冠词an。
3. 主语He和动词inspire是被动关系，事件发生在过去，要用一般过去时的被动语态，因此填was inspired。
4. 此处符合固定句型it was + 形容词 + for sb to do sth，it作形式主语，真正主语为不定式结构，因此填to find。
5. 前后句为让步逻辑：尽管旅程一开始并不顺利，他对飞行的热爱和努力让他考入航空大学，因此填引导让步状语从句的Although/Though。
6. 此处句子缺少主语，需要把动词decide变为名词形式，表示“这个决定”，因此填decision。
7. 副词even常用来修饰形容词比较级，此处表示“达到更高的高度”，high的比较级为higher，因此填higher。
8. 定冠词the后接序数词表示“第几个”，此处表示第一个完成该训练的中国人，one的序数词为first，因此填first。
9. 形容词many后接可数名词复数形式，challenge的复数为challenges，因此填challenges。
10. 此处是固定搭配stick to one's dream，意为“坚持某人的梦想”，因此填介词to。
【答案】
1. successfully
2. an
3. was inspired
4. to find
5. Although/Though
6. decision
7. higher
8. first
9. challenges
10. to
【知识点】
词形变换，固定搭配，句法规则
【点评】
本题结合航天励志人物的语料考察基础语法点，考点覆盖副词、冠词、被动语态、非谓语动词、比较级、序数词、连词等核心语法内容，既检验学生对初中英语基础语法的掌握程度，也通过人物故事传递正向价值观，整体考点常规，没有偏题怪题。
【难度系数】
0.6

五、阅读与表达。(2025·江苏无锡惠山区十校一模改编)
The envelope is designed to protect letters. Did you know when and where the envelope first appeared? The history of envelopes is probably much longer than you think.
It is believed the envelope first appeared in ancient China. It was used to protect royal messages. However, the early envelope was nothing like what we use today. It was made from clay and looked like a ball. After the message was put into it, the envelope would be sealed (密封).
The first paper envelope appeared around 200 B. C. It was also invented by the Chinese. However, at first, people used it only to send money to each other as gifts. It was not until around the seventh century that it was used for sending messages. The design of the early paper envelope was very simple. It was just a sheet of paper folded and sealed with wax (蜡). Since the envelope was made completely by hand, it was very expensive.
In the 19th century, printing and manufacturing methods improved greatly. In 1853, American inventor Russel Hawes invented an envelope maker. The machine could produce about 12,500 envelopes every day. With these improvements, the cost of envelopes went down. The design also became more complex.
Today, emails have become more popular than handwritten letters. However, billions of envelopes are used around the world every year. They are still part of modern life.

注：每题答案不超过6个词。
1. What did the early envelope look like?

2. What did people start to use paper envelopes for around the seventh century?

3. How were early paper envelopes made?

4. How many envelopes are now used around the world every year?

5. 新考法 Please put the following events into correct order.
①Invented by the Chinese. ②Appeared in ancient China. ③Produced by the machine. ④Made from clay. ⑤Used for sending money.

1. It looked like a ball.
2. Sending messages.
3. By hand.
4. Billions of envelops.
5. ②④①⑤③

【分析】
这是一篇介绍信封发展历史的说明文阅读简答题，解题思路如下：首先明确题目要求所有答案不超过6个词，避免作答冗余；之后逐题划出题干关键词，回到原文精准定位对应语句，直接提取符合要求的核心信息即可：第1题定位描述早期黏土信封外观的语句，第2题定位7世纪纸信封用途的语句，第3题定位早期纸信封制作方式的语句，第4题定位当代年使用信封数量的语句，第5题按照文章叙述的时间先后顺序梳理事件，即可排出正确顺序。
【解析】
1. 定位原文第二段“It was made from clay and looked like a ball.”，直接提取外观描述，得到对应答案。
2. 定位原文第三段“It was not until around the seventh century that it was used for sending messages.”，提取7世纪纸信封的用途，得到对应答案。
3. 定位原文第三段“Since the envelope was made completely by hand, it was very expensive.”，提取早期纸信封的制作方式，得到对应答案。
4. 定位原文最后一段“However, billions of envelopes are used around the world every year.”，提取全球年使用信封的总量，得到对应答案。
5. 梳理事件时间线：最早古代中国出现信封（②），当时信封由黏土制成（④），之后纸信封由中国人发明（①），最初用来送钱（⑤），后续出现机器生产信封（③），最终得到正确排序。
【答案】
1. It looked like a ball.
2. Sending messages.
3. By hand.
4. Billions of envelops.
5. ②④①⑤③
【知识点】
阅读理解细节定位
说明文信息提取
事件排序
【点评】
本题属于基础说明文阅读题型，所有考点都能在原文直接找到对应信息，设置的字数限制要求学生提炼核心信息，避免冗余作答，排序题按照文章的时间发展脉络梳理即可轻松完成，整体难度偏低，适合巩固阅读信息提取能力。
【难度系数】
0.85