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1 Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms.（用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子）
(1) Scientists
(2) If a mutation
(3) Natural selection
(4) Many species
(1) Scientists
have studied
(study) how genes influence traits for many years.(2) If a mutation
occurs
(occur) in a gene, it can change an organism’s traits.(3) Natural selection
has shaped
(shape) the evolution of species over millions of years.(4) Many species
have adapted
(adapt) to their environments through evolution.答案
(1) have studied
(2) occurs
(3) has shaped
(4) have adapted
(2) occurs
(3) has shaped
(4) have adapted
解析
【分析】
要完成动词适当形式填空，需先判断每个句子的时态：(1)句有时间状语for many years，表动作从过去持续到现在，用现在完成时；(2)句是if引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时；(3)句有时间状语over millions of years，用现在完成时；(4)句主语是复数，结合语境用现在完成时。再根据主语单复数确定动词形式。
【解析】
(1) 时间状语“for many years”是现在完成时的标志，结构为“have/has + 过去分词”，主语“Scientists”为复数，故填have studied。
(2) if引导的真实条件状语从句，主句表一般情况，从句用一般现在时，主语“a mutation”是单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填occurs。
(3) 时间状语“over millions of years”是现在完成时的标志，主语“Natural selection”为单数，故填has shaped。
(4) 主语“Many species”为复数，结合语境（进化适应是已完成且对现在有影响的动作）用现在完成时，故填have adapted。
【答案】
(1) have studied
(2) occurs
(3) has shaped
(4) have adapted
【知识点】
动词时态、条件状语从句时态
【点评】
本题考查英语动词的适当形式，核心是时态的判断，需掌握不同时间状语对应的时态规则及条件状语从句的时态用法，属于基础语法题，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.5
要完成动词适当形式填空，需先判断每个句子的时态：(1)句有时间状语for many years，表动作从过去持续到现在，用现在完成时；(2)句是if引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时；(3)句有时间状语over millions of years，用现在完成时；(4)句主语是复数，结合语境用现在完成时。再根据主语单复数确定动词形式。
【解析】
(1) 时间状语“for many years”是现在完成时的标志，结构为“have/has + 过去分词”，主语“Scientists”为复数，故填have studied。
(2) if引导的真实条件状语从句，主句表一般情况，从句用一般现在时，主语“a mutation”是单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填occurs。
(3) 时间状语“over millions of years”是现在完成时的标志，主语“Natural selection”为单数，故填has shaped。
(4) 主语“Many species”为复数，结合语境（进化适应是已完成且对现在有影响的动作）用现在完成时，故填have adapted。
【答案】
(1) have studied
(2) occurs
(3) has shaped
(4) have adapted
【知识点】
动词时态、条件状语从句时态
【点评】
本题考查英语动词的适当形式，核心是时态的判断，需掌握不同时间状语对应的时态规则及条件状语从句的时态用法，属于基础语法题，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.5
2 Choose the best answer.（根据以下内容，选择最恰当的答案）
Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. His father was a doctor, and his family hoped he would become a doctor too. At first, Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but he found it boring and couldn’t stand seeing blood. So he left and went to the University of Cambridge to study theology（神学）, because his family wanted him to be a priest（牧师）.
However, Darwin was always interested in nature. During his time at Cambridge, he spent a lot of time collecting insects and studying plants. In 1831, after graduating from Cambridge, he got a chance to join a scientific journey on the ship HMS Beagle. The five-year journey took him to many places around the world, like South America, Australia, and the Galapagos Islands. There, he saw many different kinds of animals and plants. For example, on the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that the finches（雀科鸟）had different beaks（喙）depending on their eating habits. This observation（观察）later played an important role in his theory of evolution.
After returning to England in 1836, Darwin spent many years studying and writing about his findings. In 1859, he published his famous book On the Origin of Species. In this book, he introduced the theory of natural selection（自然选择）, which says that species（物种）evolve（进化）over time through the process of natural selection. His ideas caused a big stir（轰动）in the scientific world and changed the way people think about life on Earth.
Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839, and they had ten children. Although he had poor health for most of his life, he continued his scientific research until his death on April 19, 1882. He was buried in a place where many great British people are laid to rest.
(
A. He thought it was difficult.
B. He didn’t like seeing blood.
C. He wanted to study theology.
D. His family asked him to leave.
(
A. In 1809.
B. In 1831.
C. In 1836.
D. In 1859.
(
A. The finches had different beaks.
B. The plants were very strange.
C. There were many new animals.
D. The climate was very different.
(
A. Species don’t change over time.
B. Species evolve through natural selection.
C. All species are the same.
D. Natural selection has no effect on species.
(
A. In 1831.
B. In 1836.
C. In 1859.
D. In 1882.
(
A. He was born in America.
B. He had five children.
C. He was buried in a common place.
D. His ideas had a big influence on the scientific world.
Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. His father was a doctor, and his family hoped he would become a doctor too. At first, Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but he found it boring and couldn’t stand seeing blood. So he left and went to the University of Cambridge to study theology（神学）, because his family wanted him to be a priest（牧师）.
However, Darwin was always interested in nature. During his time at Cambridge, he spent a lot of time collecting insects and studying plants. In 1831, after graduating from Cambridge, he got a chance to join a scientific journey on the ship HMS Beagle. The five-year journey took him to many places around the world, like South America, Australia, and the Galapagos Islands. There, he saw many different kinds of animals and plants. For example, on the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that the finches（雀科鸟）had different beaks（喙）depending on their eating habits. This observation（观察）later played an important role in his theory of evolution.
After returning to England in 1836, Darwin spent many years studying and writing about his findings. In 1859, he published his famous book On the Origin of Species. In this book, he introduced the theory of natural selection（自然选择）, which says that species（物种）evolve（进化）over time through the process of natural selection. His ideas caused a big stir（轰动）in the scientific world and changed the way people think about life on Earth.
Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839, and they had ten children. Although he had poor health for most of his life, he continued his scientific research until his death on April 19, 1882. He was buried in a place where many great British people are laid to rest.
(
B
) (1) Why did Darwin stop studying medicine?A. He thought it was difficult.
B. He didn’t like seeing blood.
C. He wanted to study theology.
D. His family asked him to leave.
(
B
) (2) When did Darwin start his journey on the HMS Beagle?A. In 1809.
B. In 1831.
C. In 1836.
D. In 1859.
(
A
) (3) What did Darwin notice on the Galapagos Islands?A. The finches had different beaks.
B. The plants were very strange.
C. There were many new animals.
D. The climate was very different.
(
B
) (4) What does the theory of natural selection say?A. Species don’t change over time.
B. Species evolve through natural selection.
C. All species are the same.
D. Natural selection has no effect on species.
(
C
) (5) When was On the Origin of Species published?A. In 1831.
B. In 1836.
C. In 1859.
D. In 1882.
(
D
) (6) Which of the following is TRUE about Darwin?A. He was born in America.
B. He had five children.
C. He was buried in a common place.
D. His ideas had a big influence on the scientific world.
答案
(1) B (2) B (3) A (4) B (5) C (6) D
解析
【分析】
本题为英语阅读理解选择题，解题思路是：先通读全文把握达尔文的生平脉络，再针对每个小题的问题，定位原文对应段落的关键信息，对比选项排除错误表述，最终选出与原文一致的答案。各小题需定位的信息点分别为：停止学医的原因、HMS Beagle旅程的开始时间、加拉帕戈斯群岛的发现、自然选择理论的内容、《物种起源》的出版时间、符合达尔文生平的正确陈述。
【解析】
(1) 定位原文第一段：“At first, Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but he found it boring and couldn’t stand seeing blood. So he left...”，可知达尔文停止学医是因为不能忍受见血，对应选项B；
(2) 定位原文第二段：“In 1831, after graduating from Cambridge, he got a chance to join a scientific journey on the ship HMS Beagle.”，可知他在1831年开启HMS Beagle之旅，对应选项B；
(3) 定位原文第二段：“For example, on the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that the finches（雀科鸟）had different beaks（喙）depending on their eating habits.”，对应选项A；
(4) 定位原文第三段：“he introduced the theory of natural selection（自然选择）, which says that species（物种）evolve（进化）over time through the process of natural selection.”，对应选项B；
(5) 定位原文第三段：“In 1859, he published his famous book On the Origin of Species.”，对应选项C；
(6) 逐一核对选项：A项原文第一段明确达尔文出生于英国，错误；B项原文第四段提到他有十个孩子，错误；C项原文第四段说明他葬在英国伟人安息之地，错误；D项原文第三段指出他的理论在科学界引起轰动，改变了人们对地球生命的看法，正确，对应选项D。
【答案】
(1) B (2) B (3) A (4) B (5) C (6) D
【知识点】
英语阅读理解细节题、文本信息定位
【点评】
本题围绕达尔文的生平展开，以选择题形式考查学生快速查找原文细节信息的能力，题目均为基础细节考点，只要认真阅读原文即可准确作答，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.7
本题为英语阅读理解选择题，解题思路是：先通读全文把握达尔文的生平脉络，再针对每个小题的问题，定位原文对应段落的关键信息，对比选项排除错误表述，最终选出与原文一致的答案。各小题需定位的信息点分别为：停止学医的原因、HMS Beagle旅程的开始时间、加拉帕戈斯群岛的发现、自然选择理论的内容、《物种起源》的出版时间、符合达尔文生平的正确陈述。
【解析】
(1) 定位原文第一段：“At first, Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but he found it boring and couldn’t stand seeing blood. So he left...”，可知达尔文停止学医是因为不能忍受见血，对应选项B；
(2) 定位原文第二段：“In 1831, after graduating from Cambridge, he got a chance to join a scientific journey on the ship HMS Beagle.”，可知他在1831年开启HMS Beagle之旅，对应选项B；
(3) 定位原文第二段：“For example, on the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that the finches（雀科鸟）had different beaks（喙）depending on their eating habits.”，对应选项A；
(4) 定位原文第三段：“he introduced the theory of natural selection（自然选择）, which says that species（物种）evolve（进化）over time through the process of natural selection.”，对应选项B；
(5) 定位原文第三段：“In 1859, he published his famous book On the Origin of Species.”，对应选项C；
(6) 逐一核对选项：A项原文第一段明确达尔文出生于英国，错误；B项原文第四段提到他有十个孩子，错误；C项原文第四段说明他葬在英国伟人安息之地，错误；D项原文第三段指出他的理论在科学界引起轰动，改变了人们对地球生命的看法，正确，对应选项D。
【答案】
(1) B (2) B (3) A (4) B (5) C (6) D
【知识点】
英语阅读理解细节题、文本信息定位
【点评】
本题围绕达尔文的生平展开，以选择题形式考查学生快速查找原文细节信息的能力，题目均为基础细节考点，只要认真阅读原文即可准确作答，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.7
