4 已知军军家、书店、运动场依次排列在同一条直线上,书店离军军家0.6千米,运动场离军军家2.4千米.军军从家出发,先用了15分钟跑步到运动场,在那里锻炼了20分钟后返回,从运动场骑自行车6分钟到书店,在书店停留15分钟后,散步10分钟返回家,下图反映了这个过程中军军离家的距离y千米与军军离开家的时间x分钟之间的对应关系.

请根据相关信息,完成下列练习:
(1)填表.

(2)军军从运动场到书店的速度为千米/分钟.
(3)当$15 ≤ x ≤ 41$时,军军离家的距离$y$关于时间$x$的函数解析式为.
(4)当军军离家2千米时,他离开家的时间是.
请根据相关信息,完成下列练习:
(1)填表.
(2)军军从运动场到书店的速度为千米/分钟.
(3)当$15 ≤ x ≤ 41$时,军军离家的距离$y$关于时间$x$的函数解析式为.
(4)当军军离家2千米时,他离开家的时间是.
答案
(1) 1.6,2.4,0.3
(2) 0.3
(3) 第15分钟到35分钟,在运动场锻炼,此时$y = 2.4$,
第35分钟到41分钟,军军骑自行车6分钟到书店,
因为$B(35,2.4)$,$C(41,0.6)$,
同理可得,直线$BC$的解析式为$y = -0.3x + 12.9$,
$y = \begin{cases} 2.4(15 ≤ x ≤ 35) \\ -0.3x + 12.9(35 < x ≤ 41) \end{cases}$
(4) 由题意知,前15分钟跑步到运动场的速度
$2.4 ÷ 15 = 0.16$(千米/分钟),
离开家的时间为$2 ÷ 0.16 = 12.5$分钟,
因为直线$BC$的解析式为$y = - 0.3x + 12.9$,
当$y = 2$时, $-0.3x + 12.9 = 2$,
解得$x = \frac{109}{3}$.
所以,当军军离家距离为2千米时,他离开家的时间为12.5分钟或$\frac{109}{3}$分钟.
(2) 0.3
(3) 第15分钟到35分钟,在运动场锻炼,此时$y = 2.4$,
第35分钟到41分钟,军军骑自行车6分钟到书店,
因为$B(35,2.4)$,$C(41,0.6)$,
同理可得,直线$BC$的解析式为$y = -0.3x + 12.9$,
$y = \begin{cases} 2.4(15 ≤ x ≤ 35) \\ -0.3x + 12.9(35 < x ≤ 41) \end{cases}$
(4) 由题意知,前15分钟跑步到运动场的速度
$2.4 ÷ 15 = 0.16$(千米/分钟),
离开家的时间为$2 ÷ 0.16 = 12.5$分钟,
因为直线$BC$的解析式为$y = - 0.3x + 12.9$,
当$y = 2$时, $-0.3x + 12.9 = 2$,
解得$x = \frac{109}{3}$.
所以,当军军离家距离为2千米时,他离开家的时间为12.5分钟或$\frac{109}{3}$分钟.
解析
【分析】
这是一道结合实际行程的一次函数应用题,解题时先梳理军军整个行程的时间节点与对应离家距离,明确各时间段的运动状态:①0~15分钟:匀速跑步去运动场;②15~35分钟:在运动场锻炼,离家距离不变;③35~41分钟:匀速骑自行车到书店;④后续停留、散步回家。解题思路如下:
1. 填表题根据对应时间段的运动规律计算数值即可;
2. 求运动场到书店的速度,先算两地路程差,再用“速度=路程÷时间”计算;
3. 求15≤x≤41的函数解析式,分两段分析:15~35分钟静止,y为定值;35~41分钟是匀速运动,属于一次函数,用待定系数法代入两个端点坐标求解即可;
4. 求离家2千米的时间,分两种情况讨论:去运动场的路上、从运动场返回书店的路上,分别代入对应阶段的解析式求解,注意验证结果是否在对应取值范围内。
【解析】
(1)根据行程各阶段的计算,依次填入的数值为1.6,2.4,0.3;
(2)运动场离军军家2.4千米,书店离军军家0.6千米,因此运动场到书店的路程为$2.4 - 0.6 = 1.8$千米,用时6分钟,所以速度为$1.8 ÷ 6 = 0.3$千米/分钟;
(3)当$15 ≤ x ≤ 35$时,军军在运动场锻炼,离家距离不变,因此$y = 2.4$;
当$35 < x ≤ 41$时,军军从运动场骑自行车到书店,端点坐标为$(35, 2.4)$和$(41, 0.6)$,设函数解析式为$y = kx + b$,代入两点得:
$\begin{cases}2.4 = 35k + b \\ 0.6 = 41k + b \end{cases}$
两式相减得$6k = -1.8$,解得$k = -0.3$,代入$2.4 = 35×(-0.3) + b$,得$b = 12.9$,因此解析式为$y = -0.3x + 12.9$;
综上,$15 ≤ x ≤ 41$时的函数解析式为$y = \begin{cases} 2.4(15 ≤ x ≤ 35) \\ -0.3x + 12.9(35 < x ≤ 41) \end{cases}$;
(4)分两种情况讨论:
①军军跑步去运动场的路上:0~15分钟的跑步速度为$2.4 ÷ 15 = 0.16$千米/分钟,当$y=2$时,时间$x = 2 ÷ 0.16 = 12.5$分钟,12.5在0~15范围内,符合要求;
②军军从运动场返回书店的路上:代入解析式$y = -0.3x + 12.9$,令$y=2$,得$-0.3x + 12.9 = 2$,解得$x = \frac{109}{3}$,$\frac{109}{3}≈36.3$,在35~41范围内,符合要求。
【答案】
(1) $\boxed{1.6}$,$\boxed{2.4}$,$\boxed{0.3}$
(2) $\boxed{0.3}$
(3) $\boxed{y = \begin{cases} 2.4(15 ≤ x ≤ 35) \\ -0.3x + 12.9(35 < x ≤ 41) \end{cases}}$
(4) $\boxed{12.5}$分钟或$\boxed{\frac{109}{3}}$分钟
【知识点】
一次函数应用,分段函数,行程问题计算
【点评】
本题结合生活中的行程场景,考查对函数图像的解读能力和分段函数的求解能力,解题的关键是理清每个时间段的运动状态,注意分类讨论思想的运用,避免漏解,计算时注意单位统一即可。
【难度系数】
0.6
这是一道结合实际行程的一次函数应用题,解题时先梳理军军整个行程的时间节点与对应离家距离,明确各时间段的运动状态:①0~15分钟:匀速跑步去运动场;②15~35分钟:在运动场锻炼,离家距离不变;③35~41分钟:匀速骑自行车到书店;④后续停留、散步回家。解题思路如下:
1. 填表题根据对应时间段的运动规律计算数值即可;
2. 求运动场到书店的速度,先算两地路程差,再用“速度=路程÷时间”计算;
3. 求15≤x≤41的函数解析式,分两段分析:15~35分钟静止,y为定值;35~41分钟是匀速运动,属于一次函数,用待定系数法代入两个端点坐标求解即可;
4. 求离家2千米的时间,分两种情况讨论:去运动场的路上、从运动场返回书店的路上,分别代入对应阶段的解析式求解,注意验证结果是否在对应取值范围内。
【解析】
(1)根据行程各阶段的计算,依次填入的数值为1.6,2.4,0.3;
(2)运动场离军军家2.4千米,书店离军军家0.6千米,因此运动场到书店的路程为$2.4 - 0.6 = 1.8$千米,用时6分钟,所以速度为$1.8 ÷ 6 = 0.3$千米/分钟;
(3)当$15 ≤ x ≤ 35$时,军军在运动场锻炼,离家距离不变,因此$y = 2.4$;
当$35 < x ≤ 41$时,军军从运动场骑自行车到书店,端点坐标为$(35, 2.4)$和$(41, 0.6)$,设函数解析式为$y = kx + b$,代入两点得:
$\begin{cases}2.4 = 35k + b \\ 0.6 = 41k + b \end{cases}$
两式相减得$6k = -1.8$,解得$k = -0.3$,代入$2.4 = 35×(-0.3) + b$,得$b = 12.9$,因此解析式为$y = -0.3x + 12.9$;
综上,$15 ≤ x ≤ 41$时的函数解析式为$y = \begin{cases} 2.4(15 ≤ x ≤ 35) \\ -0.3x + 12.9(35 < x ≤ 41) \end{cases}$;
(4)分两种情况讨论:
①军军跑步去运动场的路上:0~15分钟的跑步速度为$2.4 ÷ 15 = 0.16$千米/分钟,当$y=2$时,时间$x = 2 ÷ 0.16 = 12.5$分钟,12.5在0~15范围内,符合要求;
②军军从运动场返回书店的路上:代入解析式$y = -0.3x + 12.9$,令$y=2$,得$-0.3x + 12.9 = 2$,解得$x = \frac{109}{3}$,$\frac{109}{3}≈36.3$,在35~41范围内,符合要求。
【答案】
(1) $\boxed{1.6}$,$\boxed{2.4}$,$\boxed{0.3}$
(2) $\boxed{0.3}$
(3) $\boxed{y = \begin{cases} 2.4(15 ≤ x ≤ 35) \\ -0.3x + 12.9(35 < x ≤ 41) \end{cases}}$
(4) $\boxed{12.5}$分钟或$\boxed{\frac{109}{3}}$分钟
【知识点】
一次函数应用,分段函数,行程问题计算
【点评】
本题结合生活中的行程场景,考查对函数图像的解读能力和分段函数的求解能力,解题的关键是理清每个时间段的运动状态,注意分类讨论思想的运用,避免漏解,计算时注意单位统一即可。
【难度系数】
0.6
1 Choose the best answer.(根据以下内容,选择最恰当的答案)
Bullying(霸凌)is a big problem in schools. It makes students feel scared and unhappy.
What is bullying? Bullying is when someone hurts another person on purpose, like hitting, calling bad names or taking someone’s things without permission(允许). Bullying can happen to anyone, and it usually happens when a group of students or a stronger student hurts a weaker
one.
If you see bullying happening, what should you do? First, don’t be a silent observer(观察者). You can try to help the victim(受害者)by standing up for him. For example, you can say, “Stop it! This is not right.” If you are too afraid to do that, you should quickly find a teacher or another adult to help. Remember, it’s important to tell someone because bullies often stop when adults get involved(介入).
If you are the victim of bullying, don’t keep silent. Talk to your parents, teachers or friends. They will help you and protect you. Also, try to stay with your friends when you are at school, because bullies usually don’t hurt students in groups.
We all have the responsibility to stop bullying. Let’s work together to make schools safe and happy places for everyone.
(
A. Someone helps others with homework.
B. Someone hurts others on purpose.
C. Someone plays games with classmates.
D. Someone shares food with friends.
(
A. Stand there and watch.
B. Hit the bully at once.
C. Stand up for the victim.
D. Find your classmate to fight.
(
A. 站立 B. 为……挺身而出 C. 容忍 D. 忽视
(
A. Because friends can give them money.
B. Because bullies usually don’t hurt students in groups.
C. Because they can play games together.
D. Because teachers like group students.
(
A. How to prevent and deal with bullying.
B. Why bullying happens in schools.
C. How to make friends at school.
D. What teachers should do to stop bullying.
Bullying(霸凌)is a big problem in schools. It makes students feel scared and unhappy.
What is bullying? Bullying is when someone hurts another person on purpose, like hitting, calling bad names or taking someone’s things without permission(允许). Bullying can happen to anyone, and it usually happens when a group of students or a stronger student hurts a weaker
one.
If you see bullying happening, what should you do? First, don’t be a silent observer(观察者). You can try to help the victim(受害者)by standing up for him. For example, you can say, “Stop it! This is not right.” If you are too afraid to do that, you should quickly find a teacher or another adult to help. Remember, it’s important to tell someone because bullies often stop when adults get involved(介入).
If you are the victim of bullying, don’t keep silent. Talk to your parents, teachers or friends. They will help you and protect you. Also, try to stay with your friends when you are at school, because bullies usually don’t hurt students in groups.
We all have the responsibility to stop bullying. Let’s work together to make schools safe and happy places for everyone.
(
B
)(1) Which of the following is bullying according to the passage?A. Someone helps others with homework.
B. Someone hurts others on purpose.
C. Someone plays games with classmates.
D. Someone shares food with friends.
(
C
)(2) What should you do first if you see bullying?A. Stand there and watch.
B. Hit the bully at once.
C. Stand up for the victim.
D. Find your classmate to fight.
(
B
)(3) The underlined phrase “standing up for” in Paragraph 2 means “” in Chinese.A. 站立 B. 为……挺身而出 C. 容忍 D. 忽视
(
B
)(4) Why should victims stay with friends at school?A. Because friends can give them money.
B. Because bullies usually don’t hurt students in groups.
C. Because they can play games together.
D. Because teachers like group students.
(
A
)(5) What’s the main idea of the passage?A. How to prevent and deal with bullying.
B. Why bullying happens in schools.
C. How to make friends at school.
D. What teachers should do to stop bullying.
答案
(1) B (2) C (3) B (4) B (5) A
解析
【分析】
这是一篇围绕校园霸凌主题的说明文阅读理解,解题可按以下思路进行:①先通读全文,整体把握核心内容:文章明确了霸凌的定义,分别介绍了看到他人遭遇霸凌、自己是霸凌受害者时的正确应对方式,呼吁大家共同抵制校园霸凌。②作答每道小题时,准确定位原文对应段落和语句,细节题直接匹配原文信息,词义猜测题结合上下文语境判断,主旨题综合全文核心内容选择,切忌脱离原文主观臆断。
【解析】
(1) 定位原文第二段霸凌的定义句:“Bullying is when someone hurts another person on purpose”,可知故意伤害他人属于霸凌行为。A选项帮他人做作业、C选项和同学玩游戏、D选项和朋友分享食物都是友好行为,不属于霸凌,因此选B。
(2) 定位原文第三段:“If you see bullying happening, what should you do? First, don’t be a silent observer. You can try to help the victim by standing up for him.”,可知看到霸凌首先要为受害者挺身而出。A选项当旁观者是错误做法,B选项立刻打霸凌者、D选项找同学打架都是不合理的应对方式,因此选C。
(3) 词义猜测题:结合上下文“不要做沉默的观察者,要帮助受害者”,以及后文举例“你可以说‘停下!这是不对的’”,可知“standing up for”的含义是“为……挺身而出”,因此选B。
(4) 定位原文第四段末尾:“Also, try to stay with your friends when you are at school, because bullies usually don’t hurt students in groups.”,可知受害者要和朋友待在一起的原因是霸凌者通常不会伤害群体中的学生,其余选项均未在原文提及,因此选B。
(5) 主旨大意题:全文不仅介绍了霸凌的定义,还重点讲解了看到霸凌时的应对方法、自己作为受害者的应对方法,核心是教大家如何防范和应对霸凌。B选项仅提及霸凌发生的原因,文章未重点阐述;C选项“如何在学校交朋友”与主题无关;D选项仅提及老师制止霸凌的做法,内容片面,因此选A。
【答案】
(1)B (2)C (3)B (4)B (5)A
【知识点】
细节查找,词义猜测,主旨归纳
【点评】
本文贴合校园生活热点,题目设置难度适中,侧重考查学生从文本中提取有效信息的能力,同时也能让学生掌握应对校园霸凌的正确方法,兼具考查性和实用性。
【难度系数】
0.8
这是一篇围绕校园霸凌主题的说明文阅读理解,解题可按以下思路进行:①先通读全文,整体把握核心内容:文章明确了霸凌的定义,分别介绍了看到他人遭遇霸凌、自己是霸凌受害者时的正确应对方式,呼吁大家共同抵制校园霸凌。②作答每道小题时,准确定位原文对应段落和语句,细节题直接匹配原文信息,词义猜测题结合上下文语境判断,主旨题综合全文核心内容选择,切忌脱离原文主观臆断。
【解析】
(1) 定位原文第二段霸凌的定义句:“Bullying is when someone hurts another person on purpose”,可知故意伤害他人属于霸凌行为。A选项帮他人做作业、C选项和同学玩游戏、D选项和朋友分享食物都是友好行为,不属于霸凌,因此选B。
(2) 定位原文第三段:“If you see bullying happening, what should you do? First, don’t be a silent observer. You can try to help the victim by standing up for him.”,可知看到霸凌首先要为受害者挺身而出。A选项当旁观者是错误做法,B选项立刻打霸凌者、D选项找同学打架都是不合理的应对方式,因此选C。
(3) 词义猜测题:结合上下文“不要做沉默的观察者,要帮助受害者”,以及后文举例“你可以说‘停下!这是不对的’”,可知“standing up for”的含义是“为……挺身而出”,因此选B。
(4) 定位原文第四段末尾:“Also, try to stay with your friends when you are at school, because bullies usually don’t hurt students in groups.”,可知受害者要和朋友待在一起的原因是霸凌者通常不会伤害群体中的学生,其余选项均未在原文提及,因此选B。
(5) 主旨大意题:全文不仅介绍了霸凌的定义,还重点讲解了看到霸凌时的应对方法、自己作为受害者的应对方法,核心是教大家如何防范和应对霸凌。B选项仅提及霸凌发生的原因,文章未重点阐述;C选项“如何在学校交朋友”与主题无关;D选项仅提及老师制止霸凌的做法,内容片面,因此选A。
【答案】
(1)B (2)C (3)B (4)B (5)A
【知识点】
细节查找,词义猜测,主旨归纳
【点评】
本文贴合校园生活热点,题目设置难度适中,侧重考查学生从文本中提取有效信息的能力,同时也能让学生掌握应对校园霸凌的正确方法,兼具考查性和实用性。
【难度系数】
0.8
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