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五、完形填空。
主题群:科学与技术 子主题:人类发现 语篇类型:记叙文 难度:★★★
Ivan Pavlov was a famous Russian physiologist. His work had a great influence on the understanding of 1 animals and humans learn. Pavlov was born in Russia in 1849. He studied 2 at the University of St. Petersburg. He was interested in the functions of the body, especially the digestive system and brain.
During his research on the digestive system, he noticed that dogs would salivate(流口水) not only when they were eating, but also when they saw the person who usually 3 them. This made him think about the relationship between a stimulus(刺激) and reaction. Then he designed some tests 4.
He would ring a bell before he gave food to the dogs. After 5 this several times, the dogs would salivate just at the sound of the bell, even 6 food. This was a very important discovery, showing that animals could learn to connect(联系) a certain signal with an action. Pavlov called this a “conditioned reflex(条件反射)”.
The 7 were important not only for understanding animals, but for understanding 8. Psychologists and educators were attracted by his work.
Pavlov was a hard-working scientist. Even in his later years, Pavlov was still 9 when doing research. He was always curious about new things, and he was always thinking about new ways to test his ideas. So he was also very 10.
His achievements inspired many other scientists to study learning and behaviours. He received many prizes for his devotion to science. Pavlov died in 1936, 11 his work lives on forever. His ideas are 12 studied today. His tests are often used as examples in textbooks. Many students who study psychology or biology 13 to learn about Pavlov's tests. Pavlov's research also has practical applications. For example, in 14, teachers can use the idea of the “conditioned reflex” to help students learn better.
Ivan Pavlov was a(n) 15 scientist. His work has helped us understand how we learn and how our minds respond to different stimuli, leaving a big mark on the history of science.
1. A. how B. what C. where D. when
2. A. art B. medicine C. music D. dance
3. A. fed B. played C. walked D. trained
4. A. terribly B. carefully C. normally D. possibly
5. A. repeating B. doubting C. understanding D. pulling
6. A. for B. as C. like D. without
7. A. habits B. animals C. findings D. problems
8. A. plants B. humans C. machines D. buildings
9. A. strange B. active C. tired D. angry
10. A. busy B. lucky C. important D. creative
11. A. but B. though C. so D. before
12. A. sometimes B. still C. never D. seldom
13. A. remember B. decide C. refuse D. need
14. A. cooking B. sports C. education D. fact
15. A. great B. honest C. funny D. impatient
主题群:科学与技术 子主题:人类发现 语篇类型:记叙文 难度:★★★
Ivan Pavlov was a famous Russian physiologist. His work had a great influence on the understanding of 1 animals and humans learn. Pavlov was born in Russia in 1849. He studied 2 at the University of St. Petersburg. He was interested in the functions of the body, especially the digestive system and brain.
During his research on the digestive system, he noticed that dogs would salivate(流口水) not only when they were eating, but also when they saw the person who usually 3 them. This made him think about the relationship between a stimulus(刺激) and reaction. Then he designed some tests 4.
He would ring a bell before he gave food to the dogs. After 5 this several times, the dogs would salivate just at the sound of the bell, even 6 food. This was a very important discovery, showing that animals could learn to connect(联系) a certain signal with an action. Pavlov called this a “conditioned reflex(条件反射)”.
The 7 were important not only for understanding animals, but for understanding 8. Psychologists and educators were attracted by his work.
Pavlov was a hard-working scientist. Even in his later years, Pavlov was still 9 when doing research. He was always curious about new things, and he was always thinking about new ways to test his ideas. So he was also very 10.
His achievements inspired many other scientists to study learning and behaviours. He received many prizes for his devotion to science. Pavlov died in 1936, 11 his work lives on forever. His ideas are 12 studied today. His tests are often used as examples in textbooks. Many students who study psychology or biology 13 to learn about Pavlov's tests. Pavlov's research also has practical applications. For example, in 14, teachers can use the idea of the “conditioned reflex” to help students learn better.
Ivan Pavlov was a(n) 15 scientist. His work has helped us understand how we learn and how our minds respond to different stimuli, leaving a big mark on the history of science.
1. A. how B. what C. where D. when
2. A. art B. medicine C. music D. dance
3. A. fed B. played C. walked D. trained
4. A. terribly B. carefully C. normally D. possibly
5. A. repeating B. doubting C. understanding D. pulling
6. A. for B. as C. like D. without
7. A. habits B. animals C. findings D. problems
8. A. plants B. humans C. machines D. buildings
9. A. strange B. active C. tired D. angry
10. A. busy B. lucky C. important D. creative
11. A. but B. though C. so D. before
12. A. sometimes B. still C. never D. seldom
13. A. remember B. decide C. refuse D. need
14. A. cooking B. sports C. education D. fact
15. A. great B. honest C. funny D. impatient
答案
1. A 此处指“如何学习”，how符合语境。
2. B Pavlov是生理学家，研究身体机能（消化系统、大脑），属于医学领域。
3. A 前文提到狗看到食物会流口水，此处递进表示：狗看到经常喂它们的人也会流口水。
4. B 科学家会严谨地设计实验，carefully符合科研态度。
5. A 实验需要重复多次才能得出结论。
6. D 重复实验后，狗听到铃声就流口水，即使没有食物。
7. C 前文提到的“条件反射”是他的研究发现。
8. B 后文提到心理学家和教育家关注他的研究，进一步印证研究适用于人类。
9. B 前文说他是勤奋的科学家，晚年做研究时依然积极投入。
10. D 前文提到“他总是对新事物好奇，总是思考着新方法来验证想法”，说明他很有创造力。
11. A Pavlov于1936年去世，但他的研究成果永存。but表转折，符合逻辑。
12. B 他的理论至今仍被研究，实验常作为课本案例。
13. D 学习心理学或生物学的学生需要了解他的实验。
14. C 后文提到“教师用条件反射原理帮助学生更好地学习”，属于教育领域。
15. A Pavlov的研究影响深远，是一位伟大的科学家。great符合对他的评价。
2. B Pavlov是生理学家，研究身体机能（消化系统、大脑），属于医学领域。
3. A 前文提到狗看到食物会流口水，此处递进表示：狗看到经常喂它们的人也会流口水。
4. B 科学家会严谨地设计实验，carefully符合科研态度。
5. A 实验需要重复多次才能得出结论。
6. D 重复实验后，狗听到铃声就流口水，即使没有食物。
7. C 前文提到的“条件反射”是他的研究发现。
8. B 后文提到心理学家和教育家关注他的研究，进一步印证研究适用于人类。
9. B 前文说他是勤奋的科学家，晚年做研究时依然积极投入。
10. D 前文提到“他总是对新事物好奇，总是思考着新方法来验证想法”，说明他很有创造力。
11. A Pavlov于1936年去世，但他的研究成果永存。but表转折，符合逻辑。
12. B 他的理论至今仍被研究，实验常作为课本案例。
13. D 学习心理学或生物学的学生需要了解他的实验。
14. C 后文提到“教师用条件反射原理帮助学生更好地学习”，属于教育领域。
15. A Pavlov的研究影响深远，是一位伟大的科学家。great符合对他的评价。
解析
【分析】
这是一篇介绍俄国生理学家巴甫洛夫的记叙文完形填空，解题需结合上下文语境、词汇词义辨析、句子逻辑关系及人物身份背景来选择答案。每道题先定位空格前后的信息，分析句子所需的语义、语法结构，再对比选项，选出最贴合文意的选项。例如第1题需判断宾语从句的引导词，表“方式”用how；第2题结合巴甫洛夫的生理学家身份，确定研究领域为医学，以此类推。
【解析】
1. 选A，此处为宾语从句，表“动物和人类如何学习”，how符合语境；2. 选B，巴甫洛夫是生理学家，研究身体机能（消化系统、大脑），属于医学领域；3. 选A，狗看到经常喂它们的人会流口水，fed符合语境；4. 选B，科学家设计实验需严谨，carefully符合科研态度；5. 选A，实验需重复多次才能得出结论，repeating符合；6. 选D，重复实验后，狗听到铃声流口水，即使没有食物，without符合；7. 选C，前文提到的“条件反射”是巴甫洛夫的研究发现，findings符合；8. 选B，后文提到心理学家、教育家关注其研究，说明成果适用于人类；9. 选B，巴甫洛夫是勤奋的科学家，晚年做研究依然积极投入，active符合；10. 选D，他对新事物好奇、思考验证新方法，说明富有创造力，creative符合；11. 选A，巴甫洛夫去世但研究成果永存，表转折用but；12. 选B，他的理论至今仍被研究，实验常作为课本案例，still符合；13. 学习心理学或生物学的学生需要了解他的实验，need符合；14. 教师用条件反射原理帮助学生学习，属于教育领域，education符合；15. 选A，巴甫洛夫的研究影响深远，是伟大的科学家，great符合。
【答案】
1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.A
【知识点】
完形填空解题技巧、词汇辨析、上下文语境理解
【点评】
本文围绕科学与技术主题，讲述巴甫洛夫的研究经历与贡献，语篇结构清晰，考察学生对语境、词汇及逻辑关系的把握，是中等难度的完形填空，有助于学生巩固相关知识。
【难度系数】
0.6
这是一篇介绍俄国生理学家巴甫洛夫的记叙文完形填空，解题需结合上下文语境、词汇词义辨析、句子逻辑关系及人物身份背景来选择答案。每道题先定位空格前后的信息，分析句子所需的语义、语法结构，再对比选项，选出最贴合文意的选项。例如第1题需判断宾语从句的引导词，表“方式”用how；第2题结合巴甫洛夫的生理学家身份，确定研究领域为医学，以此类推。
【解析】
1. 选A，此处为宾语从句，表“动物和人类如何学习”，how符合语境；2. 选B，巴甫洛夫是生理学家，研究身体机能（消化系统、大脑），属于医学领域；3. 选A，狗看到经常喂它们的人会流口水，fed符合语境；4. 选B，科学家设计实验需严谨，carefully符合科研态度；5. 选A，实验需重复多次才能得出结论，repeating符合；6. 选D，重复实验后，狗听到铃声流口水，即使没有食物，without符合；7. 选C，前文提到的“条件反射”是巴甫洛夫的研究发现，findings符合；8. 选B，后文提到心理学家、教育家关注其研究，说明成果适用于人类；9. 选B，巴甫洛夫是勤奋的科学家，晚年做研究依然积极投入，active符合；10. 选D，他对新事物好奇、思考验证新方法，说明富有创造力，creative符合；11. 选A，巴甫洛夫去世但研究成果永存，表转折用but；12. 选B，他的理论至今仍被研究，实验常作为课本案例，still符合；13. 学习心理学或生物学的学生需要了解他的实验，need符合；14. 教师用条件反射原理帮助学生学习，属于教育领域，education符合；15. 选A，巴甫洛夫的研究影响深远，是伟大的科学家，great符合。
【答案】
1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.A
【知识点】
完形填空解题技巧、词汇辨析、上下文语境理解
【点评】
本文围绕科学与技术主题，讲述巴甫洛夫的研究经历与贡献，语篇结构清晰，考察学生对语境、词汇及逻辑关系的把握，是中等难度的完形填空，有助于学生巩固相关知识。
【难度系数】
0.6
