三、阅读理解
第一节 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，从题中所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Reusing water means (表示……的意思) more than using the water again.
Scientists in Amsterdam, the Netherlands plan to use the heat (热量) in sewage to warm people’s homes. Sewage is the waste water that comes from people’s houses after they wash their faces, have a bath or shower, or wash their clothes and so on. In Amsterdam, all the year, the water is usually between 15℃ and 18℃ and this warm sewage runs 24 hours a day. The scientists think they should use it.
The scientists use a heat machine to take the heat from the sewage and send (使进入) it into people’s homes. They keep about 1,600 homes warm now. And they will help more homes in this way.
Scientists think that using the heat from sewage could be a very useful part of moving away from fuels (燃料). And it is also a very important way of reusing water. It gives an example for later science study. How
()21. What does the underlined word “sewage” mean?
A. 热水 B. 淡水
C. 污水 D. 海水
()22. Why do the scientists think they should use the sewage?
①Because there is heat in it.
②Because it is large in number.
③Because people can use it to wash clothes.
A. ①② B. ①③
C. ②③ D. ①②③
()23. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to (指代)?
A. The machine.
B. The heat.
C. The sewage.
D. The clean water.
()24. Paragraph 3 tells us the scientists keep people’s home warm.
A. where B. when
C. how D. why
()25. What does the writer think of using the heat from sewage?
A. It’s dirty.
B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s useful and helpful.
D. It’s colorful and interesting.

21. C 根据下文“Sewage is the waste water…”可知 sewage 是“污水”的意思，故选 C。
22. A 根据短文可知这些污水能被重新利用是因为它们有热量而且量很大，故选 A。
23. B
24. C
25. C 根据最后一段可知，作者认为利用污水中的热量，可以替代燃料，而且为后续的科学研究提供了例子，所以是有用的且有帮助的，故选 C。

【分析】
这是一篇介绍污水余热回收利用的环保类说明文，解题时可以先浏览所有题干，明确每道题的考点，再带着关键词回原文定位找对应依据：遇到词义猜测题直接找后文给出的定义解释，细节判断题要逐一核对每个表述是否符合原文内容，代词指代题要往前找最近的相关名词，段落主旨题要梳理整段的核心内容，态度题直接定位到末尾作者评价的段落即可快速选出答案。
【解析】
21. 定位到第二段第二句“Sewage is the waste water that comes from people’s houses after they wash their faces, have a bath or shower, or wash their clothes and so on.”，可知sewage是居民生活产生的废水，含义为“污水”，对应选项C。
22. 原文提到科学家计划利用污水中的热量，同时说明“全年污水温度在15到18摄氏度，24小时不间断流动”，说明污水储量大、可稳定获取，而污水本身是使用后的废水，不能再用来洗衣服，因此①②表述正确，选A。
23. 划线词it所在句的前半部分提到“科学家用热机器从污水中提取热量”，后续动作是将提取出的物质输送到居民家中供暖，因此it指代的是前文提到的the heat，选B。
24. 第三段完整介绍了科学家提取污水热量为居民供暖的操作方式，整段是在说明实现供暖的途径，对应疑问词how，选C。
25. 定位到最后一段，文中明确提到利用污水热量是摆脱燃料依赖的非常有用的部分，也是水资源重复利用的重要方式，还能为后续科研提供参考，可知作者认为该方式有用且有帮助，选C。
【答案】
21. C 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. C
【知识点】
词义猜测，细节理解，代词指代
【点评】
本题属于初中低年级的基础阅读题，所有题目都能在原文中直接找到对应依据，没有设置复杂的干扰项，主要考察学生快速回文定位信息的能力，做题时只要耐心比对选项和原文内容，就能轻松选出正确答案。
【难度系数】
0.85

B
Do you know World Sleep Day (世界睡眠日)? It is on March 21st every year. People have this day to show the importance of daily sleep.
Enough sleep plays an important role (作用) in people’s health. We can be smart, thin, healthy and active when we always get enough sleep. Also we’re to have good skin (皮肤) and long lives. When you lose even one hour of sleep for a night, it will make you feel bad the next day and do harm to your health.
In fact, men and women need at least (至少) eight hours of sleep a night, but a survey finds that only 21% of them really get a full eight hours of sleep a night on workdays, and another 21% get less than (少于) six hours. For middle school students, they need about eight to nine hours per night to keep healthy. However, about 80% of them don’t get enough sleep because they need to do too much homework or they have some bad habits.
So, for our good life and work, it’s time for us to know the importance of sleep and try to have a good and enough sleep. Staying away from coffee at night and having some milk before sleeping are helpful.
()26. World Sleep Day is to .
A. show the importance of daily sleep
B. show different sleep of men and women
C. tell how long to sleep people need per night
D. tell why people need to have enough sleep
()27. From the text, we know that enough sleep is good for our , too.
A. eyes B. skin
C. hair D. teeth
()28. What does the underlined word “harm” mean?
A. 益处 B. 调整
C. 能量 D. 危害
()29. What does Paragraph 3 (第三段) mainly (主要地) talk about?
A. The roles of enough sleep.
B. The ways to have good sleep.
C. The sleep time of different people.
D. The reasons (原因) for no enough sleep.
()30. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. World Sleep Day is on March 22nd.
B. Some coffee with milk before sleeping is helpful.
C. 21% of men and women sleep no more than six hours a night.
D. More than 80% of middle school students don’t have enough sleep.

26. A 根据第一段第三句可知，选 A。
27. B
28. D 根据前文意思，即使少睡 1 个小时也对健康有害，故选 D。
29. C 第三段主要讲不同人的不同睡眠时长，故选 C。
30. C 根据“another 21% get less than six hours”可知，有 21%的人睡眠不足 6 小时，故选 C。

【分析】
这是一篇围绕睡眠健康主题的说明文阅读理解，解题时可以按照标准化的阅读题思路推进：
1. 先快速通读全文，理清文章脉络：依次介绍了世界睡眠日的设立、充足睡眠的好处、不同人群的睡眠时长现状、改善睡眠的建议。
2. 针对每道小题划出题干关键词，带着关键词返回原文精准定位对应语句，逐一比对选项和原文信息：细节题直接匹配原文表述，词义猜测题结合上下文语境推导含义，主旨题梳理段落整体内容提炼核心，正误判断题逐个验证每个选项和原文是否一致，排除错误选项得到正确答案。
【解析】
26. 定位原文第一段第三句"People have this day to show the importance of daily sleep"，直接对应A选项，B、C、D都不是世界睡眠日的设立目的，排除后选A。
27. 定位原文第二段"Also we’re to have good skin (皮肤) and long lives"，说明充足睡眠对皮肤有益，其余选项的眼睛、头发、牙齿原文均未提及，选B。
28. 前文提到“哪怕一晚少睡一小时，第二天你就会感觉状态很差”，顺理可推这种情况会对健康造成不好的影响，因此harm的含义是危害，选D。
29. 梳理第三段内容：先后介绍了普通成年人的推荐睡眠时长、工作日成年人的实际睡眠时长统计数据、中学生的推荐睡眠时长，整段核心围绕不同人群的睡眠时长展开，对应C选项；A是第二段内容，D仅为段落末尾的次要信息，B是最后一段内容，均不符合段落主旨，选C。
30. 逐一核对选项：A选项世界睡眠日是3月21日而非22日，和原文不符；B选项原文明确要求睡前远离咖啡，仅推荐睡前喝牛奶，表述错误；C选项原文提到"another 21% get less than six hours"，即21%的成年人每晚睡眠不足6小时，和表述一致；D选项原文是大约80%的中学生睡眠不足，并非“超过80%”，表述错误，最终选C。
【答案】
26.A 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.C
【知识点】
阅读理解细节定位，词义猜测，段落主旨理解
【点评】
本篇阅读属于贴近生活的健康类说明文，整体考点设置偏向基础，绝大多数题目都可以通过回原文定位直接得到答案，仅少量主旨题需要简单梳理段落逻辑，能够有效考察学生的文本信息提取和基础理解能力。
【难度系数】
0.7