范畴:人与社会
主题:文学艺术
体裁:说明文
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热考素材 跨学科·化学 ① Basic paint has two parts: a color material, or colored powder, and a binder(粘合剂). Early artists made color materials by breaking rocks or dried plants into powder. Today, most colors are made in laboratories. Chemistry has greatly improved the artist's paintbox. Artists can now choose from man-made and natural pigments(颜料) to paint with any color of the rainbow, and even more.
② What was the first color used for art? Imagine picking up a burned stick from the fire and drawing on a cave wall with it. Without a binder, it's not yet paint, but powdered charcoal(木炭) was probably the first pigment. And it's black. It was easy to find, and it stuck well to cave walls.
③ As time went by, artists learned to make different kinds of black by burning fruit seeds, sticks, bones, and ivory. Ancient artists used black to draw the shape of their wild animals.
④ Do you ever "see red"? The expression means you're angry, but the color red can also stand for everything from love to danger. Artists through the years made red pigments from many kinds of materials, including the roots of some plants and the harmful metals lead(铅) and mercury(汞).
⑤ Nature's brightest red comes from small insects that feed on plants. To make paint from them, thousands of the insects are dried, crushed, and mixed with chemicals to stop the color from fading and help it stay on paper or canvas. Like many natural pigments, cochineal can become lighter over time.
⑥ Got the blues? Until the 1700s, most painters didn't. The best dark blue pigment was made by crushing a kind of stone called lapis lazuli. This paint was more expensive than gold.
英语嗨吧
Artists kept it for very special things they painted, such as the clothes of famous people. Only the richest buyers could pay for a painting with a lot of blue in it. Then, in 1704, a chemist in Germany by chance created a new chemical blue pigment, while he was trying to make a new red. Finally, artists could paint the sky without spending too much money.
——文章选自 Ask
()1. What can we guess about early paint from Paragraph 1?
A. It was easy to make in factories.
B. It was made from natural things.
C. It had bright and long-lasting colors.
D. It was made from man-made materials.
()2. How might ancient artists feel about using the black pigment?
A. They considered it was expensive.
B. They found it difficult to prepare.
C. They believed it was short of value.
D. They thought it was practical and useful.
()3. What does the underlined word "crushed" probably mean?
A. Thrown.
B. Broken.
C. Poured.
D. Washed.
()4. What probably caused artists in the 1700s to use blue more often in their paintings?
A. They discovered cheaper blue pigments.
B. Natural blue stones became easier to get.
C. They preferred painting skies and oceans.
D. Rich buyers liked blue artworks much better.
()5. 新考法·篇章结构 What is the structure of the passage?

1.B 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B
本文介绍了颜料的组成、发展历程，讲述早期艺术家利用天然材料制作黑、红、蓝等颜色，后来色彩工匠改进颜料，如今化学技术让颜料种类更丰富、使用更便捷。
1. B 推理判断题。由第一段中“Early artists made color materials by breaking rocks or dried plants into powder.”可知，早期颜料是用石头、植物等做成的。
2. D 推理判断题。由第二段中“It was easy to find, and it stuck well to cave walls.”与第三段中“Ancient artists used black to draw the shape of their wild animals.”可知，古人认为黑色实用有效。
3. B 词义猜测题。下文提及“与化学物质混合，以防止颜色褪色”，上文对应表示：要将昆虫制成颜料，需要将成千上万只昆虫烘干、碾碎。
4. A 推理判断题。由最后一段中“Then, in 1704, a chemist ... created a new chemical blue pigment ... Finally, artists could paint the sky without spending too much money.”可知，1704年，一种新的人工蓝色颜料被发明，蓝色不再昂贵，因此艺术家能更频繁、更便宜地使用蓝色。
5. B 篇章结构题。第一段给出全文话题“颜料的构成”；第二、三段介绍黑色的出处；第四、五段介绍红色的来源；第六段介绍蓝色的生成，故答案选B。