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A
体裁: 说明文
主题: 科普知识
难度: ★★★★
建议用时: 8 min
正确率: /4
Many teenagers close their books or give up easily when they meet difficulties again and again. They easily believe that their efforts are useless and finally stop challenging themselves. This common but harmful state of mind—giving up because of repeated failures—is called learned helplessness.
The idea was first proved by Seligman, a famous American psychologist, in his dog experiment in the 1960s. He put some dogs in a closed box with no way out. Then he gave them small electric shocks that the dogs could not avoid. Try as they might, the dogs could not run away or stop the pain. Later, Seligman opened a clear door in the box—the dogs could easily escape if they wanted. But surprisingly, they just lay there and gave up trying at all. The experiment showed that repeated failure could make living things lose the courage to try, whether animals or humans.
Such a state mainly comes from three kinds of wrong thinking. First, people hold a strong belief that they can hardly change the results no matter how hard they work. Second, they only connect failure with their own weaknesses but pay little attention to outside conditions, such as the environment or unexpected accidents. Third, they only see their mistakes but completely ignore the progress they have made. For example, a runner feels upset about not winning the running race but fails to notice his running speed has improved.
Adversity—difficult things that happen to us.
Belief—our first thoughts about the difficulties.
Consequence—the feelings or results caused by our beliefs.
Disputation—questioning and correcting our wrong ideas.
Energization—taking active new actions after changing our minds.
Learned helplessness is not a final state. By using the ABCDE method, setting small and clear goals, and praising our own progress, we can build optimism little by little. Failure is not a final judgment, but a chance for us to think and improve.
1. What's the CORRECT order of Seligman's dog experiment?
①The dogs gave up trying even with an open door.
②The dogs got electric shocks they couldn't avoid.
③The dogs were put in a closed box with no way out.
A. ②→①→③ B. ②→③→① C. ③→①→② D. ③→②→①
2. Which of the following is the wrong thinking that causes learned helplessness?
A. Tom believes he can change his maths exam results through his hard work.
B. Mary thinks failure is a good chance to find out her problems and make progress.
C. Jack realizes he made many spelling mistakes but his reading skills improved a lot.
D. Linda thinks her bad grades all come from her poor ability though the tests are hard.
3. 新趋势·补全文章 Which sentence can be put in the “▲”? 补全文章题解题策略见 P27 重点精讲
A. As a result, nobody wants to face their mistakes.
B. Besides, Seligman did more experiments on animals.
C. However, Seligman's later research brought people hope.
D. Unluckily, Seligman found no useful ways to help people.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. How Optimism Changes Our Life B. How to Deal with Failure in School
C. How to Overcome Learned Helplessness D. How Seligman's Dogs Learned to Give Up
体裁: 说明文
主题: 科普知识
难度: ★★★★
建议用时: 8 min
正确率: /4
Many teenagers close their books or give up easily when they meet difficulties again and again. They easily believe that their efforts are useless and finally stop challenging themselves. This common but harmful state of mind—giving up because of repeated failures—is called learned helplessness.
The idea was first proved by Seligman, a famous American psychologist, in his dog experiment in the 1960s. He put some dogs in a closed box with no way out. Then he gave them small electric shocks that the dogs could not avoid. Try as they might, the dogs could not run away or stop the pain. Later, Seligman opened a clear door in the box—the dogs could easily escape if they wanted. But surprisingly, they just lay there and gave up trying at all. The experiment showed that repeated failure could make living things lose the courage to try, whether animals or humans.
Such a state mainly comes from three kinds of wrong thinking. First, people hold a strong belief that they can hardly change the results no matter how hard they work. Second, they only connect failure with their own weaknesses but pay little attention to outside conditions, such as the environment or unexpected accidents. Third, they only see their mistakes but completely ignore the progress they have made. For example, a runner feels upset about not winning the running race but fails to notice his running speed has improved.
C
▲ He developed another idea “learned optimism(乐观)”, which means optimism can be learned and trained as a useful life skill. To help people learn it easily, he designed the classic ABCDE method.Adversity—difficult things that happen to us.
Belief—our first thoughts about the difficulties.
Consequence—the feelings or results caused by our beliefs.
Disputation—questioning and correcting our wrong ideas.
Energization—taking active new actions after changing our minds.
Learned helplessness is not a final state. By using the ABCDE method, setting small and clear goals, and praising our own progress, we can build optimism little by little. Failure is not a final judgment, but a chance for us to think and improve.
1. What's the CORRECT order of Seligman's dog experiment?
①The dogs gave up trying even with an open door.
②The dogs got electric shocks they couldn't avoid.
③The dogs were put in a closed box with no way out.
A. ②→①→③ B. ②→③→① C. ③→①→② D. ③→②→①
2. Which of the following is the wrong thinking that causes learned helplessness?
A. Tom believes he can change his maths exam results through his hard work.
B. Mary thinks failure is a good chance to find out her problems and make progress.
C. Jack realizes he made many spelling mistakes but his reading skills improved a lot.
D. Linda thinks her bad grades all come from her poor ability though the tests are hard.
3. 新趋势·补全文章 Which sentence can be put in the “▲”? 补全文章题解题策略见 P27 重点精讲
A. As a result, nobody wants to face their mistakes.
B. Besides, Seligman did more experiments on animals.
C. However, Seligman's later research brought people hope.
D. Unluckily, Seligman found no useful ways to help people.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. How Optimism Changes Our Life B. How to Deal with Failure in School
C. How to Overcome Learned Helplessness D. How Seligman's Dogs Learned to Give Up
答案
A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“习得性无助”的起源、成因以及解决方法，强调了失败不是终点，而是成长的机会。
1. D 事件排序题。根据第二段“He put some dogs in a closed box with no way out. Then he gave them small electric shocks that the dogs could not avoid.”和“Later, Seligman opened a clear door in the box ... they just lay there and gave up trying at all.”可知实验顺序为：③把狗关在无路可逃的封闭箱子子里→②狗承受无法躲避的电击→①即使有敞开的门，狗也放弃尝试。故选 D。
2. D 推理判断题。根据第三段“Second, they only connect failure with their own weaknesses but pay little attention to outside conditions, such as the environment or unexpected accidents.”可知只将失败和自身弱点绑定，几乎不关注环境、意外等外部条件的影响；D项“琳达认为，尽管考试很难，她的糟糕成绩都是因为自己能力不足。”符合“习得性无助”的错误思维。故选 D。
3. C 补全文章题。上文介绍了“习得性无助”的起源和成因，下文“He developed another idea 'learned optimism', which means optimism can be learned and trained as a useful life skill.”介绍了“习得性乐观”，由此可知此处应起承上启下的过渡作用，引出解决方法，给人们带来希望；C项“然而，塞利格曼的后续研究给人们带来了希望。”符合语境。故选 C。
4. C 标题归纳题。结合文章内容可知，本文先介绍了“习得性无助”这一负面心理状态的起源和成因，后面重点介绍了通过“习得性乐观”和 ABCDE 法来克服它。故选 C。
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“习得性无助”的起源、成因以及解决方法，强调了失败不是终点，而是成长的机会。
1. D 事件排序题。根据第二段“He put some dogs in a closed box with no way out. Then he gave them small electric shocks that the dogs could not avoid.”和“Later, Seligman opened a clear door in the box ... they just lay there and gave up trying at all.”可知实验顺序为：③把狗关在无路可逃的封闭箱子子里→②狗承受无法躲避的电击→①即使有敞开的门，狗也放弃尝试。故选 D。
2. D 推理判断题。根据第三段“Second, they only connect failure with their own weaknesses but pay little attention to outside conditions, such as the environment or unexpected accidents.”可知只将失败和自身弱点绑定，几乎不关注环境、意外等外部条件的影响；D项“琳达认为，尽管考试很难，她的糟糕成绩都是因为自己能力不足。”符合“习得性无助”的错误思维。故选 D。
3. C 补全文章题。上文介绍了“习得性无助”的起源和成因，下文“He developed another idea 'learned optimism', which means optimism can be learned and trained as a useful life skill.”介绍了“习得性乐观”，由此可知此处应起承上启下的过渡作用，引出解决方法，给人们带来希望；C项“然而，塞利格曼的后续研究给人们带来了希望。”符合语境。故选 C。
4. C 标题归纳题。结合文章内容可知，本文先介绍了“习得性无助”这一负面心理状态的起源和成因，后面重点介绍了通过“习得性乐观”和 ABCDE 法来克服它。故选 C。
