二、阅读理解。(40 分)
A
When you visit a Japanese friend's home for the first time, there are many special rules you need to follow—small mistakes might make others feel uncomfortable.
First, you must take off your shoes at the entrance. Japanese people believe shoes carry dirt from outside, so wearing them indoors is seen as rude. You should put your shoes in the shoe rack(架子) neatly, with the toes facing the door(it's easier to put them on when you leave).
Second, bowing is more than just a greeting. The degree of the bow shows different levels of respect: A 15-degree bow is for saying "hello" or "thank you" to friends; a 30-degree bow is used when you meet elders or apologize; a deep 45-degree bow is only for serious situations like saying "I'm truly sorry".
Third, gift-giving has strict taboos. You should never bring gifts in sets of four, because the Japanese word for "four" sounds the same as the word for "death". Also, gifts should be wrapped nicely, but avoid white wrapping paper(it's connected to funerals). Common gifts include tea, cookies, or small plants.
At dinner, wait for the host to say "itadakimasu" (which means "I will receive this food") before you start eating. Never stick your chopsticks upright in the rice—this looks like the incense(香) sticks used at funerals, which is a serious taboo. If you need to put chopsticks down, place them on the chopstick rest, not on the table.
()11. Why do Japanese people ask guests to take off shoes indoors?
A. To keep the floor clean.
B. To make guests feel relaxed.
C. To show that shoes are not expensive.
D. To follow a new popular trend.
()12. A 30-degree bow is proper when you .
A. greet a close friend
B. meet to an old man
C. thank a classmate
D. meet a stranger for the first time
()13. The underlined word "taboos" in paragraph 4 probably means .
A. special gifts
B. polite behaviours
C. forbidden things
D. funny stories
()14. What can we infer from the passage?
A. White is a lucky colour in Japan.
B. "Itadakimasu" is said after eating.
C. Chopsticks can be put on the table freely.
D. Giving four cookies as a gift is impolite.
()15. What's the main idea of the passage?
A. How to bow politely in Japan.
B. Rules for visiting a Japanese home.
C. Taboos of gift-giving in Japan.
D. Differences between Japanese and Western dinners.

11－15 ABCDB

【分析】
这是一篇介绍日本做客礼仪的说明文阅读理解，解题时可以按照以下思路推进：
1. 先浏览所有题干，明确每道题的考点：前4道分别是细节查找、细节定位、词义猜测、推理判断题，最后一道是主旨大意题。
2. 带着每道题的关键词回到原文对应段落定位，找到原文表述后逐一比对选项，排除无中生有、和原文矛盾的错误选项。
3. 主旨题重点看文章首尾段，区分局部段落的分要点和覆盖全文的核心主题，避免以偏概全。
【解析】
11. 细节题：定位原文第二段第二句“Japanese people believe shoes carry dirt from outside, so wearing them indoors is seen as rude”，可知日本人要求客人进屋脱鞋是因为鞋子会从外面带进来脏东西，目的是保持室内地面干净，对应A选项，B、C、D的内容原文完全没有提及，因此选A。
12. 细节题：定位原文第三段“a 30-degree bow is used when you meet elders or apologize”，可知30度鞠躬适用于见长辈或者道歉的场景，选项里的“meet an old man”和“elders”含义匹配，A、C对应的是15度鞠躬的场景，D选项原文没有提及，因此选B。
13. 词义猜测题：第四段后文介绍了送礼时绝对不能送数量为4的礼物、不能用白色包装纸的要求，这些都是送礼时不能做的禁忌事项，因此“taboos”的含义是被禁止的事项，对应C选项forbidden things，因此选C。
14. 推理判断题：A选项和原文“avoid white wrapping paper(it's connected to funerals)”矛盾；B选项和原文“wait for the host to say 'itadakimasu'...before you start eating”矛盾；C选项和原文“place them on the chopstick rest, not on the table”矛盾；D选项，因为日语里4的发音和“死”相同，送4个饼干属于数量为4的礼物，是不礼貌的，表述正确，因此选D。
15. 主旨大意题：文章首段就点明主题“第一次去日本朋友家做客有很多需要遵守的特殊规则”，后文分别从脱鞋、鞠躬、送礼、用餐四个方面介绍相关规则，核心主题是拜访日本家庭的相关礼仪规则，A、C都是文章的局部分要点，D完全没有提及，因此选B。
【答案】
11-15 ABCDB
【知识点】
细节理解题，词义猜测题，主旨大意题
【点评】
这篇文化类阅读难度偏低，大部分题目都可以通过原文直接定位得到答案，既考察学生快速提取文本信息的能力，也科普了日本的社交礼仪常识。做题时要注意所有选项都要从原文找依据，不要靠自己的主观常识臆断，做主旨类题目时不要把单个段落的局部内容错当成全文的核心主题。
【难度系数】
0.7