1. Sally lay on the (长沙发) comfortably, enjoying the soft music.
2. By the end of the (学期), I had learnt how to manage my time better.
3. After the heart-to-heart (谈话，交谈), I became closer to my mother than before.
4. The (分歧，争论) with my best friend taught me how to communicate better.

1. sofa 2. term 3. conversation
4. disagreement

【分析】
这是根据中文提示填写英语名词的题目，解题思路是：先明确每个句子需要的名词含义，再匹配对应的英语单词，确保单词拼写正确且符合句子语境。
【解析】
1. 句意：Sally舒服地躺在长沙发上，享受着轻柔的音乐。“长沙发”对应的英语名词为sofa，符合语境。
2. 句意：到学期末，我已经学会了更好地管理时间。“学期”对应的英语名词为term，符合时间状语搭配。
3. 句意：经过那次推心置腹的谈话，我和妈妈比以前更亲近了。“谈话，交谈”对应的英语名词为conversation，符合“heart-to-heart（推心置腹的）”修饰。
4. 句意：和我最好朋友的分歧教会我如何更好地沟通。“分歧，争论”对应的英语名词为disagreement，符合语境。
【答案】
1. sofa 2. term 3. conversation 4. disagreement
【知识点】
名词词义匹配、根据提示填单词
【点评】
本题为基础词汇填空题，考查核心名词的词义运用，难度较低，只要掌握常见英语对应词汇即可解答。
【难度系数】
0.9

二、语法填空迁移练
5. Taking on more (responsible) is part of growing up.
6. By practising English every day, I learnt that nothing is impossible if you keep (try).
7. Sometimes it's normal for friends (argue) over small things.
8. The (rule) at home help me develop good habits.

5. responsibilities
6. trying 7. to argue 8. rules

【分析】
本题为英语语法填空题，需结合词性转换、固定搭配、非谓语动词及主谓一致等基础语法知识解题：
1. 第5题：more后需接名词，括号内为形容词，需转换为名词并根据语境变复数；
2. 第6题：考查固定搭配，需用动名词形式；
3. 第7题：考查固定句型，需用不定式作真正主语；
4. 第8题：根据谓语动词的形式确定主语的单复数，需将单数名词变为复数。
【解析】
5. 形容词responsible的名词形式为responsibility，more表示“更多的”，后接可数名词复数，故填responsibilities；
6. 固定搭配keep doing sth意为“坚持做某事”，动词try需变为动名词形式，故填trying；
7. 固定句型It's + adj + for sb + to do sth中，it为形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式，故填to argue；
8. 谓语动词help为原形，说明主语是复数形式，名词rule的复数为rules，故填rules。
【答案】
5. responsibilities；6. trying；7. to argue；8. rules
【知识点】
固定搭配、非谓语动词、名词的数
【点评】
本题考查英语语法填空的核心基础考点，涵盖词性转换、固定搭配、非谓语动词及主谓一致，是初中英语的必掌握知识点，适合巩固基础语法。
【难度系数】
0.7

三、按要求完成句子
9. Finally, the teacher gave Peter a chance to explain.（改为同义句）
Finally, a chance to explain was Peter by the teacher.
10. We saw him playing basketball in the playground when we passed by.（改为同义句）
He basketball in the playground when we passed by.
11. I was allowed to hang out with friends on weekends.（改为否定句）

9. given to
10. was seen playing
11. I wasn't allowed to hang out with friends on weekends.

【分析】
9题：原句是主动语态的双宾语结构（give sb sth），改为同义句需用被动语态，双宾语变被动时，直接宾语作主语，结构为“sth be given to sb”，对应空格需填符合该结构的词汇。
10题：原句是主动语态的感官动词see的用法（see sb doing sth），改为同义句需转换为被动语态，结构为“sb be seen doing sth”，结合原句时态和主语确定形式。
11题：原句是一般过去时的被动句，变否定句只需在be动词后加否定词，其余部分保持不变。
【解析】
9题：主动句“the teacher gave Peter a chance”转换为被动句，直接宾语a chance作主语，give的过去分词是given，搭配介词to，故填given to。
10题：主动句“We saw him playing”转换为被动句，主语he是see的动作承受者，时态为过去时，see sb doing的被动结构为was seen playing，故填was seen playing。
11题：被动句的否定形式在be动词was后加not，缩写为wasn't，其余部分保留，故答案为I wasn't allowed to hang out with friends on weekends.
【答案】
9. given to；10. was seen playing；11. I wasn't allowed to hang out with friends on weekends.
【知识点】
被动语态、句型转换
【点评】
本题组考查初中英语基础的被动语态应用，涵盖双宾语被动转换、感官动词被动结构、被动句变否定等核心考点，需熟练掌握被动语态的基本结构及不同句型的转换规则，属于常考基础题型。
【难度系数】
0.7

四、根据本单元所学的语法知识,在空白处填入一个适当的词
Growing up brings both challenges and rewards that shape who we become. During these past years, many new expectations were placed 12. young people. Important decisions about studies and future plans 13. (make), and these choices could have long-lasting effects. While some opportunities 14. (miss) due to fear or uncertainty, valuable lessons 15. (learn) from every experience.
In social situations, different opinions 16. (express) among friends, leading to both understanding and conflicts. New friendships 17. (form) through shared activities, though some old ones 18. (lose) along the way. Various school events and competitions 19. (organise) to help students discover their talents. Through these activities, hidden abilities 20. (discover) by many young people.
Though the path wasn't always smooth, important qualities like resilience and empathy 21. (develop) through these mixed experiences. Both the pains and gains played their part in preparing young people for adulthood.

12. on 13. were made 14. were missed
15. were learnt 16. were expressed
17. were formed 18. were lost 19. were organised 20. were discovered 21. were developed

【分析】本题考查一般过去时的被动语态及固定搭配的运用。解题思路：首先根据上下文语境判断时态为一般过去时；再分析每个空白处的主语，均为动作的承受者，需使用被动语态（结构为was/were + 过去分词）；最后结合固定搭配、主谓一致等规则确定答案。
【解析】12. 考查固定搭配，place expectations on sb是固定短语，意为“对某人寄予期望”，故填on；
13. 主语Important decisions是动作make的承受者，描述过去的情况，主语为复数，故用一般过去时的被动语态were made；
14. 主语some opportunities是动作miss的承受者，描述过去的情况，主语为复数，故用一般过去时的被动语态were missed；
15. 主语valuable lessons是动作learn的承受者，描述过去的情况，主语为复数，故用一般过去时的被动语态were learnt；
16. 主语different opinions是动作express的承受者，描述过去的情况，主语为复数，故用一般过去时的被动语态were expressed；
17. 主语New friendships是动作form的承受者，描述过去的情况，主语为复数，故用一般过去时的被动语态were formed；
18. 此处ones指代上文的old friendships，是动作lose的承受者，描述过去的情况，主语为复数，故用一般过去时的被动语态were lost；
19. 主语Various school events and competitions是动作organise的承受者，描述过去的情况，主语为复数，故用一般过去时的被动语态were organised；
20. 主语hidden abilities是动作discover的承受者，描述过去的情况，主语为复数，故用一般过去时的被动语态were discovered；
21. 主语important qualities是动作develop的承受者，描述过去的情况，主语为复数，故用一般过去时的被动语态were developed。
【答案】12. on 13. were made 14. were missed 15. were learnt 16. were expressed 17. were formed 18. were lost 19. were organised 20. were discovered 21. were developed
【知识点】一般过去时的被动语态；固定搭配；代词指代
【点评】本题聚焦单元核心语法——一般过去时的被动语态，结合固定搭配与代词指代考查学生的语境语法运用能力，是典型的单元语法巩固题，难度适中。
【难度系数】0.5