二、阅读理解
A 跨学科·物理
体裁：应用文 主题：科普知识 难度：★★★★ 建议用时：7 min 正确率： /4
A scale(天平), a baseball bat, and a bottle opener—they are all levers(杠杆), but each belongs to a different class. These classes aren't like the ones in school. Instead, they tell you where the lever's fulcrum, effort, and load are.
You need:
＞ ruler (the lever)
＞ marker (the fulcrum)
＞ can(the load)
＞ hair bands (to keep the load in place)
◆The fulcrum is the place the lever rests and turns. It doesn't move.
◆You give the effort at the place you push or pull the lever.
◆The load is the thing that gets moved.

In a first-class lever, the fulcrum is always between the effort and the load. When you push the empty end of the ruler down, you give the effort, and the can is lifted.
In a second-class lever, such as a wheel cart(带轮推车) and a pair of pliers, thead is always between the fulcrum and the effort. When you lift the empty end of the ruler, you give the effort and the can is lifted.
In a third-class lever, the effort is always between the fulcrum and the load. When you lift the middle of the ruler, you give the effort, and the can is lifted. It takes more effort to lift the can, but the can moves farther and faster.
1. What is a fulcrum in a lever?
A. The thing that gets moved.
B. The side that supports the weight.
C. The part which is pushed or pulled.
D. The point where the lever sits and turns.
2. What are hair bands used for in the lever activity?
A. To keep the can in place.
B. To make the ruler heavier.
C. To balance the marker on the ruler.
D. To know how high the can is lifted.
3. 新趋势·图示理解 As a second-class lever, which part is the load of the wheel cart in the picture?
＞＞图示理解题解题策略见P46 重点精讲

4. According to the passage, which is a third-class lever?
A. A scale.
B. A baseball bat.
C. A pair of pliers.
D. A bottle opener.

1. D 细节理解题。根据“The fulcrum is the place the lever rests and turns. It doesn't move.”可知支点是杠杆的固定转动点。故选 D。
2. A 细节理解题。根据“hair bands（to keep the load in place）”可知发圈的作用是固定阻力点。故选 A。
3. B 图示理解题。根据“In a second-class lever, such as a wheel cart and a pair of pliers, the load is always between the fulcrum and the effort.”可知带轮推车属于第二类杠杆，阻力点位于支点和动力点之间，结合图片中带轮推车的结构可知推车货物为阻力点，其位于车轮（支点）和手柄（动力点）之间。故选 B。
4. B 推理判断题。根据“In a third-class lever, the effort is always between the fulcrum and the load.”可知第三类杠杆动力点位于支点和阻力点之间，根据“A scale, a baseball bat, and a bottle opener—they are all levers”可知棒球棒是杠杆，结合生活常识可知挥棒时手施加力的点（动力点）位于握柄（支点）和击球点（阻力点）之间。故选 B。
易错点拨
A 项“天平”的支点（中间转轴）位于动力点（放置砝码的托盘）和阻力点（放置待称物体的托盘）之间，属于第一类杠杆；根据“In a second-class lever, such as a wheel cart and a pair of pliers”可知 C 项“钳子”属于第二类杠杆；D 项“开瓶器”阻力点（开瓶器钩住瓶盖下沿的点）位于支点（开瓶器与瓶盖边缘的接触点）和动力点（手握住开瓶器手柄的点）之间，属于第二类杠杆。

【分析】
本题为跨学科（物理）的英语科普类阅读理解，共4道题，涵盖细节理解、图示理解、推理判断题型。解题思路为：1. 第1题需定位原文中关于“fulcrum（支点）”的定义，匹配选项；2. 第2题直接查找原文对“hair bands”用途的说明；3. 第3题结合第二类杠杆的定义，联系带轮推车的结构判断负载；4. 第4题依据第三类杠杆的定义，结合原文提及的杠杆例子及生活常识判断选项。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据原文“The fulcrum is the place the lever rests and turns. It doesn't move.”可知，支点是杠杆静止并转动的位置，对应选项D。A选项是“load（被移动的物体）”，C选项是“effort（被推拉的部分）”，均不符合，故选D。
2. 细节理解题：原文明确标注“hair bands (to keep the load in place)”，即发圈的作用是固定负载，对应选项A，B、C、D均无原文依据，故选A。
3. 图示理解题：根据原文“第二类杠杆的负载（load）位于支点（fulcrum）和动力（effort）之间”，结合带轮推车结构：车轮为支点，手柄为动力，推车货物为负载，位于两者之间，对应选项B，故选B。
4. 推理判断题：根据原文“第三类杠杆的动力（effort）位于支点（fulcrum）和负载（load）之间”，结合原文提及的杠杆例子：棒球棒挥棒时，手的施力点（动力）在握柄（支点）和击球点（负载）之间，属于第三类杠杆；A项天平为第一类，C项钳子、D项开瓶器为第二类，故选B。
【答案】
1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B
【知识点】
英语阅读理解、杠杆原理
【点评】
本题为跨学科融合的阅读理解题，将物理杠杆知识融入英语科普文本，考查学生的细节查找、图示理解及跨学科知识运用能力，题型常规但需结合学科知识分析，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.5