一、根据句意及首字母提示完成句子。
1. Landing on the moon was a major m in human history.
2. Every time we understand a complex article, we will take a step f in improving our reading skills.
3. In a science article, each p usually focuses on one key idea about a question or discovery.
4. Space travel has many challenges: It's expensive, risky, and w of all, astronauts can be far away from home for long time.
5. To deal with the l during long space flights, astronauts keep in touch with their family or read books.

1. milestone 2. forward 3. paragraph
4. worst 5. loneliness

【分析】
做此类根据句意及首字母提示填词的题目，需先通读句子理解整体语境，再结合首字母提示，联系所学词汇、固定搭配等知识确定正确单词。具体思考：1. 理解“登月是人类历史上重要的…”，首字母m，对应表示“里程碑”的单词；2. 结合“take a step”的固定搭配，语境为提高技能的进步，对应首字母f的单词；3. 科学文章中聚焦观点的部分，首字母p，对应表示“段落”的单词；4. 列举挑战时表“最糟糕的是”的固定短语，首字母w；5. 长时间太空飞行中需要应对的、首字母l的抽象名词，对应“孤独感”。
【解析】
1. 句意：登月是人类历史上一个重要的里程碑。结合首字母m及语境，填milestone。
2. 句意：每次我们理解一篇复杂的文章，我们在提高阅读技能方面就向前迈进了一步。固定搭配take a step forward表示“向前迈进”，结合首字母f，填forward。
3. 句意：在一篇科学文章中，每个段落通常聚焦于关于一个问题或发现的一个关键观点。结合首字母p及语境，填paragraph。
4. 句意：太空旅行有很多挑战：昂贵、有风险，最糟糕的是，宇航员会长时间远离家。固定短语worst of all表示“最糟糕的是”，结合首字母w，填worst。
5. 句意：为了应对长时间太空飞行期间的孤独感，宇航员和家人保持联系或读书。结合首字母l及语境，填loneliness。
【答案】
1. milestone 2. forward 3. paragraph 4. worst 5. loneliness
【知识点】
根据句意及首字母提示填词、固定短语搭配
【点评】
本题为英语基础词汇考查题，侧重语境理解与常用词汇、固定搭配的掌握，是初中英语常见的基础题型，有助于巩固核心词汇的运用能力。
【难度系数】
0.7

二、阅读理解。
In recent years, Mars has become more than a red dot in the night sky but has turned into one of the most attractive places for scientists around the world. Many countries have sent robots and spaceships to study this mysterious（神秘的）planet.
Mars is smaller than Earth. It is very cold and has a thin atmosphere（大气层）, so living things that we know are hard to live there. However, scientists still believe that Mars might have supported life long ago. They are looking for signs of water and simple living things. Finding even very small signs of life on
other planets would be one of the greatest discoveries in human history.
One big reason for exploring Mars is to understand the future of our own planet. Mars used to be warmer and wetter with lots of water, which proves the possibility that there was life long ago, but it has changed greatly over time. Studying Mars can teach us how planets change and help us protect Earth better.
Some people even dream of sending humans to Mars in the future. This is not easy. It would take months to reach, and people would face many dangers. Yet the idea excites many scientists and explorers. They believe human stepping on Mars will come true one day, as long as we keep trying and never give up.
根据材料内容选择最佳答案。
()1. What we can learn from Paragraph 1?
A. Mars has been known well for centuries.
B. Mars interests scientists all over the world.
C. Only a few countries have studied Mars.
D. Robots can live on Mars by themselves.
()2. Why is it hard for life to live on Mars now?
A. It is too hot and has no air.
B. It is too cold and the air is thin.
C. It is too small and has no water.
D. It is too bright and moves too fast.
()3. Why do scientists think Mars might have had life long ago?
A. Because they have seen living things there.
B. Because Mars is similar to Earth in size.
C. Because people have walked on Mars.
D. Because Mars used to be warmer and wetter.
()4. What does the writer think of sending humans to Mars?
A. It is impossible and dangerous.
B. It is easy but useless.
C. It is difficult but possible.
D. It is too late to try.
()5. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To introduce why and how people explore Mars.
B. To tell readers living things have been found on Mars.
C. To show how different Mars is from Earth.
D. To ask people to move to Mars right away.

1. B 2. B 3. D
4. C 由最后一段“This is not easy ... Yet the idea excites many scientists ... will come true one day”可知，登陆火星很难但有可能实现。
5. A 全文介绍了火星的环境、科学家探索火星的原因和未来目标，目的是介绍人类探索火星的意义与方式。

【分析】
本题为英语阅读理解题，需根据题目关键词定位原文对应段落，将选项与原文内容逐一比对，排除不符合原文的错误选项，从而选出正确答案。其中1-4题为细节理解题，需精准定位原文信息；5题为主旨大意题，需概括全文核心内容。
【解析】
1. 定位第一段：由“has turned into one of the most attractive places for scientists around the world”可知，火星引起全球科学家的兴趣，A（几个世纪熟知）、C（仅少数国家研究）、D（机器人自行居住）均与原文不符，故选B。
2. 定位第二段：由“It is very cold and has a thin atmosphere, so living things that we know are hard to live there”可知，火星太冷且大气层稀薄，不适合生命生存，A（太热无空气）、C（太小无水）、D（太亮太快）均错误，故选B。
3. 定位第三段：由“Mars used to be warmer and wetter with lots of water, which proves the possibility that there was life long ago”可知，火星曾更温暖湿润，故科学家认为远古可能有生命，A（已看到生命）、B（大小相似）、C（人类已登陆）均错误，故选D。
4. 定位第四段：由“This is not easy... will come true one day”可知，送人类上火星困难但可能实现，A（不可能危险）、B（容易无用）、D（太晚）均错误，故选C。
5. 通读全文：文章介绍了火星的特点、探索火星的原因（理解地球未来、寻找远古生命）及未来计划，核心是介绍人类探索火星的意义与方式，B（已发现生命）、C（火星与地球差异）、D（立刻移居）均不符，故选A。
【答案】
1.B 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.A
【知识点】
英语阅读理解、细节理解、主旨大意
【点评】
本文围绕火星探索展开，题目以细节理解为主，主旨题为辅助，考查学生快速定位原文信息、比对选项的能力，是初中英语常见的阅读理解题型，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.6