19. (本小题 6 分)已知$x - y = \sqrt{3}$,求代数式$(x + 1)^2 - 2x + y(y - 2x)$的值.
答案
∵$x - y = \sqrt{3}$,
$(x + 1)^2 - 2x + y(y - 2x)$
$= x^2 + 2x + 1 - 2x + y^2 - 2xy$
$= x^2 + y^2 - 2xy + 1$
$= (x - y)^2 + 1$
将$x - y = \sqrt{3}$代入得:
原式$= (\sqrt{3})^2 + 1$
$= 3 + 1$
$= 4$
综上,代数式的值为4。
$(x + 1)^2 - 2x + y(y - 2x)$
$= x^2 + 2x + 1 - 2x + y^2 - 2xy$
$= x^2 + y^2 - 2xy + 1$
$= (x - y)^2 + 1$
将$x - y = \sqrt{3}$代入得:
原式$= (\sqrt{3})^2 + 1$
$= 3 + 1$
$= 4$
综上,代数式的值为4。
20. (本小题 6 分)先化简,再求值:$(a - 1 + \frac{2}{a + 1}) ÷ (a^2 + 1)$,其中$a = \sqrt{2} - 1$.
答案
解题步骤:
1. 化简原式
$ \begin{aligned} (a - 1 + \frac{2}{a + 1}) ÷ (a^2 + 1) &= ( \frac{(a - 1)(a + 1) + 2}{a + 1} ) ÷ (a^2 + 1) \\ &= ( \frac{a^2 - 1 + 2}{a + 1} ) ÷ (a^2 + 1) \\ &= \frac{a^2 + 1}{a + 1} · \frac{1}{a^2 + 1} \\ &= \frac{1}{a + 1} \end{aligned} $
2. 代入求值
当 $a = \sqrt{2} - 1$ 时,
$ \frac{1}{a + 1} = \frac{1}{(\sqrt{2} - 1) + 1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} $
最终结论:
$\boxed{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}$
1. 化简原式
$ \begin{aligned} (a - 1 + \frac{2}{a + 1}) ÷ (a^2 + 1) &= ( \frac{(a - 1)(a + 1) + 2}{a + 1} ) ÷ (a^2 + 1) \\ &= ( \frac{a^2 - 1 + 2}{a + 1} ) ÷ (a^2 + 1) \\ &= \frac{a^2 + 1}{a + 1} · \frac{1}{a^2 + 1} \\ &= \frac{1}{a + 1} \end{aligned} $
2. 代入求值
当 $a = \sqrt{2} - 1$ 时,
$ \frac{1}{a + 1} = \frac{1}{(\sqrt{2} - 1) + 1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} $
最终结论:
$\boxed{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}$
21. (本小题 6 分)已知$m > n > 0,m^2 + n^2 = 4mn$,求$\frac{m^2 - n^2}{mn}$的值.
答案
$\because m > n > 0$,
$\therefore \frac{m}{n}=t>1$,
$\because m^{2} + n^{2} = 4mn$,两边同时除以$n^{2}$,
$\therefore t^{2} + 1 = 4t$,
即$t^{2} - 4t + 1 = 0$,
根据求根公式$t=\frac{4\pm\sqrt{(-4)^2-4×1×1}}{2}=\frac{4\pm2\sqrt{3}}{2}=2\pm\sqrt{3}$,
$\because t > 1$,
$\therefore t = 2 + \sqrt{3}$,
$\because \frac{m^{2} - n^{2}}{mn}=\frac{m}{n}-\frac{n}{m}=t-\frac{1}{t}$,
把$t = 2 + \sqrt{3}$代入$t-\frac{1}{t}$得:
$2 + \sqrt{3}-\frac{1}{2 + \sqrt{3}}$
$=2 + \sqrt{3}-\frac{2 - \sqrt{3}}{(2 + \sqrt{3})(2 - \sqrt{3})}$
$=2 + \sqrt{3}-(2 - \sqrt{3})$
$=2\sqrt{3}$
则$\frac{m^{2} - n^{2}}{mn}$的值为$2\sqrt{3}$。
$\therefore \frac{m}{n}=t>1$,
$\because m^{2} + n^{2} = 4mn$,两边同时除以$n^{2}$,
$\therefore t^{2} + 1 = 4t$,
即$t^{2} - 4t + 1 = 0$,
根据求根公式$t=\frac{4\pm\sqrt{(-4)^2-4×1×1}}{2}=\frac{4\pm2\sqrt{3}}{2}=2\pm\sqrt{3}$,
$\because t > 1$,
$\therefore t = 2 + \sqrt{3}$,
$\because \frac{m^{2} - n^{2}}{mn}=\frac{m}{n}-\frac{n}{m}=t-\frac{1}{t}$,
把$t = 2 + \sqrt{3}$代入$t-\frac{1}{t}$得:
$2 + \sqrt{3}-\frac{1}{2 + \sqrt{3}}$
$=2 + \sqrt{3}-\frac{2 - \sqrt{3}}{(2 + \sqrt{3})(2 - \sqrt{3})}$
$=2 + \sqrt{3}-(2 - \sqrt{3})$
$=2\sqrt{3}$
则$\frac{m^{2} - n^{2}}{mn}$的值为$2\sqrt{3}$。
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