Ⅰ.用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1. He always (act) without thinking.
2. The boy couldn't find his mother, so he cried (sad).
3. (2026·无锡锡山高级中学实验学校期末) We should stop putting pollution into the ocean as it's (harm) to the ocean animals.
4. Human beings have two (kidney).
5. The ocean covers about two-thirds of the (earth) surface.

1. acts 2. sadly 3. harmful 4. kidneys 5. earth's

【分析】
这是典型的词形变换类填空题，解题的核心思路是先分析每个句子的句法结构，判断空格处所需要的词性、时态、数的属性、所属关系等语法要求，再将括号内给出的原形单词按照对应的规则变形即可：
1. 先看第一题的时间标志和主语人称，判断时态和谓语形式；
2. 第二题看空格修饰的成分，确定要用到副词；
3. 第三题结合固定搭配的要求，把名词转换为形容词；
4. 第四题根据数词提示，把可数名词变为复数形式；
5. 第五题根据所属关系的表达需求，变为名词所有格形式。
【解析】
1. 句中出现频度副词always，描述经常性、习惯性的动作，时态用一般现在时；主语He是第三人称单数，谓语动词act需要变为第三人称单数形式acts。
2. 空格用于修饰实义动词cried，副词可用于修饰动词，因此形容词sad要变为对应的副词形式sadly。
3. 此处构成固定搭配be harmful to，意为“对……有害”，空格处需要形容词作表语，名词harm要变为形容词形式harmful。
4. 空格前出现数词two，表示数量为2，后面的可数名词kidney需要使用复数形式，其复数变化为kidneys。
5. 此处要表达“地球的表面”的所属含义，需要用名词所有格，因此earth变为所有格形式earth's。
【答案】
1. acts 2. sadly 3. harmful 4. kidneys 5. earth's
【知识点】
一般现在时主谓一致，副词用法，名词词形变换
【点评】
本题属于初中英语基础词形变换题型，覆盖了时态主谓一致、副词修饰动词、固定短语、名词复数、名词所有格多个核心基础考点，难度较低，要求学生能够准确分析句子成分，熟练掌握各类词形变换的基础规则，是夯实英语语法基础的必练题型。
【难度系数】
0.8

Ⅱ.根据汉语意思完成下列句子
1. 众所周知，生态系统包括一个地区的所有生物和非生物。
It is well-known that an ecosystem in an area.
2. 海洋产生了地球上约70%的氧气。
The ocean oxygen.
3. 海洋是许多动植物的家园。
.
4. 它在减缓气候变化方面发挥着重要作用。
It climate change.
5. 很难清除海洋污染。
It's .

1. includes all the living and non-living things
2. produces about 70% of the earth's
3. The ocean is home to many animals and plants
4. plays an important role in slowing down
5. very difficult to get rid of ocean pollution

【分析】
做这类根据汉语意思完成句子的题型时，首先要对照已给出的英文片段和完整汉语句意，精准定位空缺部分对应的中文含义，再结合已学的固定搭配、时态规则、句型结构推导正确表达：
1. 先判断主语的单复数确定谓语动词形式，第一题主语ecosystem是单数，“包括”要变形为第三人称单数形式，再对应翻译“所有生物和非生物”即可；
2. 第二题主语the ocean是单数，“产生”要变为第三人称单数形式，再对应翻译“地球上约70%的”；
3. 第三题需要完整翻译整句，调用“是……的家园”的固定搭配，注意主谓一致即可；
4. 第四题调用“在……发挥重要作用”的固定短语，注意介词后要接动名词形式，再翻译“减缓”的对应表达；
5. 第五题调用it作形式主语的固定句型，对应翻译“很难清除海洋污染”的内容即可。
【解析】
1. 主语an ecosystem是单数可数名词，句子描述客观事实用一般现在时，谓语“包括”用第三人称单数includes，“所有生物和非生物”的标准英文表达为all the living and non-living things，因此空缺处填includes all the living and non-living things。
2. 主语The ocean是单数，描述客观事实用一般现在时，“产生”用第三人称单数produces，“地球上约70%的”对应英文为about 70% of the earth's，因此空缺处填produces about 70% of the earth's。
3. 整句翻译需用到固定搭配be home to表示“是……的家园”，主语The ocean是单数，be动词用is，“许多动植物”对应many animals and plants，因此完整句子为The ocean is home to many animals and plants。
4. 固定搭配play an important role in表示“在……方面发挥重要作用”，主语It是第三人称单数，一般现在时下play变形为plays，介词in后接动名词，“减缓”的英文slow down变为动名词slowing down，因此空缺处填plays an important role in slowing down。
5. 考察It is+形容词+to do sth的形式主语句型，“很难”对应very difficult，“清除海洋污染”对应get rid of ocean pollution，因此空缺处填very difficult to get rid of ocean pollution。
【答案】
1. includes all the living and non-living things
2. produces about 70% of the earth's
3. The ocean is home to many animals and plants
4. plays an important role in slowing down
5. very difficult to get rid of ocean pollution
【知识点】
固定短语应用，主谓一致规则，形式主语句型
【点评】
本题围绕生态保护主题考察初中英语基础表达能力，核心检验学生对常用固定搭配、一般现在时主谓一致规则、it作形式主语句型的掌握情况，做题时要注意介词后接动名词、谓语动词随主语单复数变形的细节，避免出现动词形式误用的常见错误。
【难度系数】
0.7

Ⅲ. 阅读理解
Water is important for all living things on the earth. The water cycle(循环) is a natural process that takes water from the ground and the sky and brings it back to the earth again. It is a cycle that happens the whole year and is most active from June to August in China. In this article, we will learn about the water cycle and discuss its importance for earth.
The water cycle always begins with water vapour(蒸汽). When it's hot outside, you can see clouds forming in the sky. These clouds are made of water vapour that comes from the ground, plants and rivers. As water vapour rises into the sky, it cools down and becomes clouds. After that, clouds travel through the sky and fall back to earth as rain or snow. Then, water runs through rivers and oceans and finally returns to the earth again in different forms like rainwater or snow.
The water cycle is important in protecting our earth's climate. It provides us with water to drink and keeps our climate healthy. On top of that, it takes water from rivers and oceans and brings it to the areas that don't have enough water. Without the cycle, we would face many problems. When there is too much water in one place, it becomes a flood. When water is badly in need, it becomes a drought. Besides, water vapour can take heat from the sun and keep our earth cool. The water cycle is a natural process that keeps our earth alive. It's important for plants and animals to drink water and for our rivers to stay flowing with water.
Understanding the water cycle can help us enjoy the beauty of nature, know how our earth works and find better ways to protect our earth and that is our duty.
1. Which season has the most active water cycle in China?
A. Summer.
B. Spring.
C. Autumn.
D. Winter.
2. 新考法 事件排序 Which is the right order of the water cycle according to the passage?
a. Water returns to the ground.
b. Rain or snow falls down.
c. Water vapour rises up.
d. Clouds are formed in the sky.
A. c-b-d-a
B. c-d-b-a
C. d-c-b-a
D. d-b-c-a
3. Why is the water cycle important?
A. Because it brings people warm weather.
B. Because it cleans the air and the ground.
C. Because it makes the climate healthy.
D. Because it shows the beauty of nature.
4. 新考法 推断篇章结构 Which shows the structure of the passage?

延伸探究提优 挑战自我,激发创新

[文章大意]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地球上的水循环。了解水循环可以帮助我们享受自然之美，了解我们的地球是如何运转的，并找到更好的方法来保护我们的地球。
1. A [解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It is a cycle that happens the whole year and is most active from June to August in China.”可知，在中国，水循环从六月到八月最为活跃，即夏季。故选A。
2. B [解析]事件排序题。根据第二段中的“The water cycle always begins with water vapour(蒸汽).”可知，水循环从水蒸气开始；根据“As water vapour rises into the sky, it cools down and becomes clouds.”可知，然后是水蒸气遇冷变成云；根据“After that, clouds travel through the sky and fall back to earth as rain or snow.”可知，接下来云形成雨或雪向地面降水；根据第二段中的“Then, water runs through rivers and oceans and finally returns to the earth again in different forms like rainwater or snow.”可知，最后水以雨水或雪的形式回到地面。故选B。
3. C [解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The water cycle is important in protecting our earth's climate. It provides us with water to drink and keeps our climate healthy.”可知，水循环可以保护我们的气候健康。故选C。
4. A [解析]篇章结构题。根据第一段中的“Water is important for all living things on earth.”可知，文章首段通过说水很重要引出水循环这个话题；根据第二段中的“The water cycle always begins with water vapour(蒸汽).”和第三段中的“The water cycle is important in protecting our earth's climate.”可知，第二、三段讲述了水循环的过程及其重要性；根据最后一段“Understanding the water cycle can help us enjoy the beauty of nature, know how our earth works and find better ways to protect our earth and that is our duty.”可知，最后一段总结全文，告诉我们要保护地球。故选A。

【分析】
这是一篇说明文类阅读理解，解题思路可以按题目类型逐个推进：第1题是细节理解题，直接抓取题干关键词“most active water cycle in China”回原文定位对应时间，匹配季节即可；第2题是事件排序题，回到介绍水循环过程的第二段，按文本描述的先后顺序逐个对应四个事件，就能排出正确顺序；第3题是细节推理题，定位题干关键词“water cycle important”到第三段，找到原文直接给出的重要性描述，排除无中生有的错误选项即可；第4题是篇章结构题，逐段梳理全文的行文逻辑：首段总起引出水循环话题，中间两段分别介绍水循环过程、水循环的重要性，末段总结升华点明保护地球的责任，对应总-分-总结构，匹配对应图示即可。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据原文第一段“It is a cycle that happens the whole year and is most active from June to August in China.”可知，中国水循环最活跃的时段是6月到8月，对应北半球的夏季，因此选A。
2. 事件排序题：根据第二段内容梳理水循环的完整流程：首先水汽上升（c），随后水汽冷却形成云（d），之后云以雨或雪的形式降落到地面（b），最后水以各类形式返回地面（a），正确顺序为c-d-b-a，因此选B。
3. 推理判断题：根据原文第三段“The water cycle is important in protecting our earth's climate. It provides us with water to drink and keeps our climate healthy.”可知，水循环的重要作用包含维持地球气候健康，其余选项的描述在原文中均无对应依据，因此选C。
4. 篇章结构题：梳理全文行文脉络：第1段总起，引出水循环的核心话题；第2、3段是两个并列的分述部分，分别介绍水循环的运行过程、水循环的重要意义；第4段总结全文，点明了解水循环的价值和保护地球的责任，属于典型的总-分-总结构，对应选项A的图示，因此选A。
【答案】
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A
【知识点】
细节信息定位，事件逻辑排序，说明文篇章结构
【点评】
本题难度梯度设置合理，既覆盖了阅读理解基础的细节查找能力考查，又通过事件排序、篇章结构的创新考法，强化了对文本逻辑梳理能力的要求，引导学生不仅要读懂文本表层内容，还要理清事件先后顺序和整体行文框架，符合对语篇研读能力的考查要求。
【难度系数】
0.7