9. 用公式法解下列方程:
(1) $x(x-3)=3-x$;
(2) $4x^2=2x+1$;
(3) $x^2+\sqrt{5}x-\frac{1}{4}=0$;
(4) $x^2+2\sqrt{3}x-2=0$;
(5) $(3x-1)(x+2)=11x-4$;
(6) $1-t^2=2t(2t-1)$。
(1) $x(x-3)=3-x$;
(2) $4x^2=2x+1$;
(3) $x^2+\sqrt{5}x-\frac{1}{4}=0$;
(4) $x^2+2\sqrt{3}x-2=0$;
(5) $(3x-1)(x+2)=11x-4$;
(6) $1-t^2=2t(2t-1)$。
答案
9.解:(1)方程整理,得 $x^2-2x-3=0$,
$a=1,b=-2,c=-3$.
$\because b^2-4ac=4+12=16,\therefore x=\frac{2\pm4}{2}$,
$\therefore x_1=3,x_2=-1$.
(2)移项,得 $4x^2-2x-1=0,a=4,b=-2,c=-1$.
$\because b^2-4ac=(-2)^2-4×4×(-1)=20$,
$\therefore x=\frac{2\pm\sqrt{20}}{2×4}=\frac{1\pm\sqrt{5}}{4},\therefore x_1=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{4},x_2=\frac{1-\sqrt{5}}{4}$.
(3)$a=1,b=\sqrt{5},c=-\frac{1}{4}$.
$\because b^2-4ac=5+1=6$,
$\therefore x=\frac{-\sqrt{5}\pm\sqrt{6}}{2},\therefore x_1=\frac{-\sqrt{5}+\sqrt{6}}{2},x_2=\frac{-\sqrt{5}-\sqrt{6}}{2}$.
(4)$a=1,b=2\sqrt{3},c=-2$.
$\because b^2-4ac=12+8=20$,
$\therefore x=\frac{-2\sqrt{3}\pm2\sqrt{5}}{2}=-\sqrt{3}\pm\sqrt{5}$,
$\therefore x_1=-\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{5},x_2=-\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{5}$.
(5)方程整理,得 $3x^2-6x+2=0,a=3,b=-6,c=2$.
$\because b^2-4ac=36-24=12$,
$\therefore x=\frac{6\pm2\sqrt{3}}{6},\therefore x_1=\frac{3+\sqrt{3}}{3},x_2=\frac{3-\sqrt{3}}{3}$.
(6)方程整理,得 $5t^2-2t-1=0,a=5,b=-2,c=-1$.
$\because b^2-4ac=4+20=24$,
$\therefore t=\frac{2\pm\sqrt{24}}{10},\therefore t_1=\frac{1+\sqrt{6}}{5},t_2=\frac{1-\sqrt{6}}{5}$.
$a=1,b=-2,c=-3$.
$\because b^2-4ac=4+12=16,\therefore x=\frac{2\pm4}{2}$,
$\therefore x_1=3,x_2=-1$.
(2)移项,得 $4x^2-2x-1=0,a=4,b=-2,c=-1$.
$\because b^2-4ac=(-2)^2-4×4×(-1)=20$,
$\therefore x=\frac{2\pm\sqrt{20}}{2×4}=\frac{1\pm\sqrt{5}}{4},\therefore x_1=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{4},x_2=\frac{1-\sqrt{5}}{4}$.
(3)$a=1,b=\sqrt{5},c=-\frac{1}{4}$.
$\because b^2-4ac=5+1=6$,
$\therefore x=\frac{-\sqrt{5}\pm\sqrt{6}}{2},\therefore x_1=\frac{-\sqrt{5}+\sqrt{6}}{2},x_2=\frac{-\sqrt{5}-\sqrt{6}}{2}$.
(4)$a=1,b=2\sqrt{3},c=-2$.
$\because b^2-4ac=12+8=20$,
$\therefore x=\frac{-2\sqrt{3}\pm2\sqrt{5}}{2}=-\sqrt{3}\pm\sqrt{5}$,
$\therefore x_1=-\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{5},x_2=-\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{5}$.
(5)方程整理,得 $3x^2-6x+2=0,a=3,b=-6,c=2$.
$\because b^2-4ac=36-24=12$,
$\therefore x=\frac{6\pm2\sqrt{3}}{6},\therefore x_1=\frac{3+\sqrt{3}}{3},x_2=\frac{3-\sqrt{3}}{3}$.
(6)方程整理,得 $5t^2-2t-1=0,a=5,b=-2,c=-1$.
$\because b^2-4ac=4+20=24$,
$\therefore t=\frac{2\pm\sqrt{24}}{10},\therefore t_1=\frac{1+\sqrt{6}}{5},t_2=\frac{1-\sqrt{6}}{5}$.
10.在欧几里得的《几何原本》中,形如$x^2 + ax = b^2(a>0,b>0)$的方程的图解法是:如图,以$\frac{a}{2}$和$b$为两直角边作$Rt△ ABC$,再在斜边上截取$BD=\frac{a}{2}$,则$AD$的长就是所求方程的一个根.试说明理由.

答案
10.解:$\because x^2+ax=b^2(a>0,b>0),\therefore x^2+ax-b^2=0$,解得
$x_1=\frac{-a-\sqrt{a^2+4b^2}}{2},x_2=\frac{-a+\sqrt{a^2+4b^2}}{2}$.
$\because ∠ ACB=90°,BC=\frac{a}{2},AC=b,\therefore AB=\sqrt{\frac{a^2}{4}+b^2}$,
$\therefore AD=AB-BD=\sqrt{\frac{a^2}{4}+b^2}-\frac{a}{2}=\frac{-a+\sqrt{a^2+4b^2}}{2}=x_2,\therefore AD$的长就是所求方程的一个根.
$x_1=\frac{-a-\sqrt{a^2+4b^2}}{2},x_2=\frac{-a+\sqrt{a^2+4b^2}}{2}$.
$\because ∠ ACB=90°,BC=\frac{a}{2},AC=b,\therefore AB=\sqrt{\frac{a^2}{4}+b^2}$,
$\therefore AD=AB-BD=\sqrt{\frac{a^2}{4}+b^2}-\frac{a}{2}=\frac{-a+\sqrt{a^2+4b^2}}{2}=x_2,\therefore AD$的长就是所求方程的一个根.
11.已知关于$x$的一元二次方程$(m-1)x^2 -2mx +m+1=0$.
(1)求该方程的根;
(2)当$m$为何整数时,该方程的两个根都为正整数?
(1)求该方程的根;
(2)当$m$为何整数时,该方程的两个根都为正整数?
答案
11.解:(1)$\because$已知方程是关于$x$的一元二次方程,
$\therefore m-1≠0$,即$m≠1$.
$\because a=m-1,b=-2m,c=m+1$,
$\therefore b^2-4ac=(-2m)^2-4(m-1)(m+1)=4>0$,
$\therefore x=\frac{2m\pm\sqrt{4}}{2(m-1)}=\frac{m\pm1}{m-1},\therefore x_1=1,x_2=\frac{m+1}{m-1}$.
(2)由(1)知 $x_1=1,x_2=\frac{m+1}{m-1}=\frac{(m-1)+2}{m-1}=1+\frac{2}{m-1}$.
要使方程的两个根都为正整数,则$\frac{2}{m-1}$是正整数,
$\therefore m-1=1$ 或 $m-1=2$,解得 $m=2$ 或 $m=3$,
$\therefore$ 当 $m=2$ 或 $m=3$ 时,该方程的两个根都为正整数.
$\therefore m-1≠0$,即$m≠1$.
$\because a=m-1,b=-2m,c=m+1$,
$\therefore b^2-4ac=(-2m)^2-4(m-1)(m+1)=4>0$,
$\therefore x=\frac{2m\pm\sqrt{4}}{2(m-1)}=\frac{m\pm1}{m-1},\therefore x_1=1,x_2=\frac{m+1}{m-1}$.
(2)由(1)知 $x_1=1,x_2=\frac{m+1}{m-1}=\frac{(m-1)+2}{m-1}=1+\frac{2}{m-1}$.
要使方程的两个根都为正整数,则$\frac{2}{m-1}$是正整数,
$\therefore m-1=1$ 或 $m-1=2$,解得 $m=2$ 或 $m=3$,
$\therefore$ 当 $m=2$ 或 $m=3$ 时,该方程的两个根都为正整数.
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