一、完形填空
Why do we weigh differently on other planets? When you weigh yourself, you see a number. Whether you like it or not, that's your 1 on Earth, right? You may 2: Do I weigh the same on other planets?
Before exploring the answer to this, it's important to understand the 3 between weight and mass(质量). The two seem to be 4 when we use them in our daily conversation. But to a physicist, they are 5 different things.
The mass of a body is a measure of how 6 matter it holds. Your mass does not change with 7. If you land on the moon, there will be no change in your size or shape. That means your mass 8 the same. Your mass doesn't change on other planets, either, 9 the gravity(重力) and size of those planets affect how much you weigh. Your weight on any planet is a 10 of your mass, the gravity of the planet and the distance you are from the centre of the planet. Your weight is a measure of the pull of gravity 11 you and the planet you are standing on. The 12 the gravity is, the higher your weight is. Astronauts may not weigh anything in space and can move around without touching anything freely, because there is almost no gravity to 13 them down. As a result, there is no weight.
How much gravity the planet has 14 the size of the planet. A small planet has less gravity and a larger planet has more gravity. If you were to stand on a more massive(巨大的) planet such as Jupiter(木星), you would 15 more; if you were to stand on a less massive planet such as Mars, you would weigh less.
()1. A. light B. flight
C. weight D. sight
()2. A. repeat B. require
C. reply D. wonder
()3. A. role B. size
C. patience D. difference
()4. A. identical B. normal
C. simple D. natural
()5. A. slowly B. completely
C. easily D. cheaply
()6. A. heavy B. many
C. long D. much
()7. A. temperatures B. weather
C. planets D. vacations
()8. A. remains B. changes
C. produces D. develops
()9. A. and B. though
C. but D. unless
()10. A. result B. reason
C. cause D. problem
()11. A. between B. among
C. with D. for
()12. A. earlier B. later
C. taller D. higher
()13. A. push B. pull
C. blow D. create
()14. A. focuses on B. turns on
C. depends on D. gets on
()15. A. fight B. weigh
C. get D. increase

1－5 CDDAB 6－10 DCACA 11－15 ADBCB

【分析】
做完形填空需先通读全文把握主旨（本文围绕不同星球体重差异，区分重量与质量展开）；再逐句分析，结合上下文语境、词义辨析、固定搭配及逻辑关系逐一确定答案，重点区分易混淆概念（如weight与mass），关注转折、因果等逻辑词的提示作用。
【解析】
1. 前文提到“weigh yourself（称体重）”，此处指“体重”，选C（weight）；A（光）、B（飞行）、D（视力）不符合语境。
2. 后文是问句“我在其他星球体重一样吗？”，表示“想知道”，选D（wonder）；A（重复）、B（要求）、C（回复）不符合。
3. 此处指“重量和质量的区别”，选D（difference）；A（角色）、B（尺寸）、C（耐心）与文意无关。
4. 日常对话中两者看似相同，选A（identical，相同的）；B（正常的）、C（简单的）、D（自然的）不符合。
5. 对物理学家来说是完全不同的事物，选B（completely，完全地）；A（缓慢地）、C（容易地）、D（便宜地）不符合。
6. 质量是衡量物质多少的量，修饰不可数名词matter，选D（much）；A（重的）、B（修饰可数）、C（长的）错误。
7. 质量不随星球改变，选C（planets）；A（温度）、B（天气）、D（假期）不符合。
8. 质量保持不变，选A（remains，保持）；B（改变）、C（生产）、D（发展）错误。
9. 前文说质量不变，后文说重力影响重量，是转折关系，选C（but）；A（并列）、B（虽然）、D（除非）错误。
10. 重量是质量、重力等的结果，选A（result，结果）；B（原因）、C（起因）、D（问题）不符合。
11. 表示“你和星球之间的重力”，两者之间用between，选A；B（三者及以上之间）、C（和）、D（为了）错误。
12. 重力越高，重量越高，选D（higher，更高的）；A（更早）、B（更晚）、C（形容人高）错误。
13. 重力拉你下来，选B（pull，拉）；A（推）、C（吹）、D（创造）错误。
14. 行星的重力取决于其大小，选C（depends on，取决于）；A（专注于）、B（打开）、D（上车）错误。
15. 在木星上会更重，选B（weigh，称重）；A（战斗）、C（得到）、D（增加）不符合。
【答案】
1－5 CDDAB 6－10 DCACA 11－15 ADBCB
【知识点】
完形填空解题技巧，词义辨析，语境词汇运用
【点评】
本文为科普类完形填空，围绕重量与质量的区别及不同星球体重差异展开，侧重考查词汇辨析、语境理解和逻辑关系，是英语基础题型，需结合上下文准确判断词义。
【难度系数】
0.6

二、阅读理解
China's Shenzhou-20 spacecraft had to put off its return to Earth because a tiny piece of space debris(碎片) hit its window and caused a crack. This reminds us that space is full of unexpected challenges. In fact, even the most basic daily tasks for astronauts can be surprisingly
difficult—like using the toilet!
The Astronaut Who Had to Pee(小便) in His Suit
One famous example happened in 1961, when Alan Shepard became the first American astronaut to travel into space. He sat inside his small spacecraft, ready to take off. But some problems kept him waiting for hours. He could not get out, and there was no toilet in his spacesuit. Finally, Shepard told the control centre that he really needed to pee. After talking about it, the team on the ground decided that Shepard should turn off the medical sensors(传感器) and pee in his suit. It worked, but he felt very embarrassed.
Today's astronauts do not have this problem. They wear special absorbent diapers(纸尿裤) inside their suits, which keep them safe and comfortable during long space travel jobs.
▲
Now let's talk about something else you may wonder about poop(粪便). Astronauts on space stations cannot throw their poop outside. In the freezing cold of space, poop would quickly turn into a frozen "poop ice rock". If one of those hits a spacecraft, it will be dangerous. So instead, all waste is packed into bags and put onto another spacecraft. These spacecraft bring food, water, and other necessary things to the astronauts.
When the spacecraft finish their work, they head back toward Earth, carrying the waste. But they do not land. They burn up in the air and turn into bright lines of fire-like shooting stars(流星)!
So yes, there is a small chance that a shooting star you see might be a spacecraft burning trash, including astronauts' poop.
( )1. How does the writer begin the passage?
A. By telling a funny story about an astronaut.
B. By explaining how to become an astronaut.
C. By sharing news about a space problem.
D. By listing all the things astronauts do in space.
()2. What happened to Alan Shepard before his flight in 1961?
A. He forgot to go to the toilet.
B. He tested a new absorbent diaper.
C. His medical sensors stopped working.
D. He had to wait for hours and pee in his suit.
()3. Which of the following can be best put in " ▲ "?
A. What Do Astronauts Eat in Space?
B. Where Does Astronauts' Poop Go?
C. How Do Astronauts Deal with Waste?
D. Why Do Astronauts Need Special Toilets?
()4. According to the passage, how is astronauts' poop finally dealt with?
A. It is taken back to Earth for scientific study.
B. It is changed into water on the space station.
C. It is thrown outside and remains in space forever.
D. It is burned up like a shooting star and disappears in the sky.
()5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Toilet Challenge in Space
B. A Late Return to Earth
C. Astronauts' Exciting Space Life
D. The First Astronaut's Flight

1－5 CDBDA

【分析】
本题为英语阅读理解题，需先通读全文把握文章核心内容，再针对每个小题的问题，回到原文定位相关信息，逐一分析选项的正误，选出正确答案。
【解析】
1. 第1题：根据文章第一段“China's Shenzhou-20 spacecraft had to put off its return to Earth because a tiny piece of space debris hit its window...”可知，作者通过分享太空出现问题的新闻开头，对应选项C，故选C。
2. 第2题：根据文章第二段“He sat inside his small spacecraft, ready to take off. But some problems kept him waiting for hours... pee in his suit”可知，Alan Shepard在飞行前等了数小时，最后不得不在宇航服里小便，对应选项D，故选D。
3. 第3题：该段落围绕宇航员粪便的去向展开，结合上下文，“▲”处应填入与粪便去向相关的内容，选项B“Where Does Astronauts' Poop Go?”符合，故选B。
4. 第4题：根据文章倒数第二段“They burn up in the air and turn into bright lines of fire-like shooting stars”可知，宇航员的粪便最终被带回地球的飞船，在大气层中像流星一样烧毁消失，对应选项D，故选D。
5. 第5题：全文主要围绕太空里宇航员的如厕挑战展开，包括小便和粪便的处理，选项A“Toilet Challenge in Space”最贴合主旨，故选A。
【答案】
1－5 CDBDA
【知识点】
英语阅读理解、细节理解、主旨大意
【点评】
本文是一篇关于太空宇航员生活细节的说明文，考查学生对文章细节信息的查找能力和主旨大意的概括能力，题目设置常规，难度适中，适合初中阶段学生练习。
【难度系数】
0.6