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五、传统文化 阅读理解。
主题群:历史、社会与文化 子主题:传统美德 语篇类型:说明文 词数:181 难度:★★★
Confucianism(儒家思想) has been followed by Chinese people for more than two thousand years.
To help people understand how to behave towards others, Confucianism teaches the Five Constants(五常)—ren, yi, li, zhi and xin. They are general virtues(美德) in China. The most important two are ren and li.
Ren is the feeling of care and love we should have for others. Confucius explained that ren could best be understood as loving others. He is famous for teaching people “What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.” It is quite similar to what is known in the West as the Golden Rule (treat others as you wish to be treated).
While ren is mostly about our opinions and feelings, li is about how we express our attitudes and feelings towards others and towards the world around us. In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea and how to remember ancestors(祖先).
Xiao is the duty children have to their parents. In Confucianism, xiao is important for a harmonious(和谐的) society.
1. Which two are the most important of the Five Constants?
A. Ren and yi. B. Ren and li. C. Li and xin. D. Yi and zhi.
2. What is the Chinese meaning of the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3?
A. 博学于文,约之以礼。 B. 学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
C. 己所不欲,勿施于人。 D. 君子和而不同,小人同而不和。
3. Which of the following is an example of li?
A. Building a peaceful society. B. Taking care of one's children.
C. Obeying rules for drinking tea. D. Learning all through one's life.
4. What does the passage mainly tell us about Confucianism?
A. Its general virtues. B. Its long history. C. Its new challenges. D. Its golden rules.
主题群:历史、社会与文化 子主题:传统美德 语篇类型:说明文 词数:181 难度:★★★
Confucianism(儒家思想) has been followed by Chinese people for more than two thousand years.
To help people understand how to behave towards others, Confucianism teaches the Five Constants(五常)—ren, yi, li, zhi and xin. They are general virtues(美德) in China. The most important two are ren and li.
Ren is the feeling of care and love we should have for others. Confucius explained that ren could best be understood as loving others. He is famous for teaching people “What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.” It is quite similar to what is known in the West as the Golden Rule (treat others as you wish to be treated).
While ren is mostly about our opinions and feelings, li is about how we express our attitudes and feelings towards others and towards the world around us. In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea and how to remember ancestors(祖先).
Xiao is the duty children have to their parents. In Confucianism, xiao is important for a harmonious(和谐的) society.
1. Which two are the most important of the Five Constants?
A. Ren and yi. B. Ren and li. C. Li and xin. D. Yi and zhi.
2. What is the Chinese meaning of the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3?
A. 博学于文,约之以礼。 B. 学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
C. 己所不欲,勿施于人。 D. 君子和而不同,小人同而不和。
3. Which of the following is an example of li?
A. Building a peaceful society. B. Taking care of one's children.
C. Obeying rules for drinking tea. D. Learning all through one's life.
4. What does the passage mainly tell us about Confucianism?
A. Its general virtues. B. Its long history. C. Its new challenges. D. Its golden rules.
答案
1. B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“... ren, yi, li, zhi and xin. They are general virtues in China. The most important two are ren and li.”可知，仁和礼是五常中最重要的。
2. C 句意猜测题。根据文章第三段最后一句中 treat others as you wish to be treated 可知，画线句子和“按照你希望被对待的方式对待他人”意义相近，即“己所不欲，勿施于人”。
3. C 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea and how to remember ancestors.”可知，关于礼的讨论包括正确的喝茶方式和如何缅怀祖先。
4. A 主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了儒家思想的普遍美德。
长难句解读
原句: While ren is mostly about our opinions and feelings, li is about how we express our attitudes and feelings towards others and towards the world around us.
结构剖析:这是一个由 while 引导的并列对比复合句，while 在这里表示“然而，而”，用来对比前后两个分句。
翻译:“仁”大多关乎我们的观点与情感，而“礼”则关乎我们如何向他人以及向周围世界表达自己的态度和情感。
2. C 句意猜测题。根据文章第三段最后一句中 treat others as you wish to be treated 可知，画线句子和“按照你希望被对待的方式对待他人”意义相近，即“己所不欲，勿施于人”。
3. C 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea and how to remember ancestors.”可知，关于礼的讨论包括正确的喝茶方式和如何缅怀祖先。
4. A 主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了儒家思想的普遍美德。
长难句解读
原句: While ren is mostly about our opinions and feelings, li is about how we express our attitudes and feelings towards others and towards the world around us.
结构剖析:这是一个由 while 引导的并列对比复合句，while 在这里表示“然而，而”，用来对比前后两个分句。
翻译:“仁”大多关乎我们的观点与情感，而“礼”则关乎我们如何向他人以及向周围世界表达自己的态度和情感。
解析
【分析】
做此类阅读理解题，需先明确题目类型（细节理解、句意猜测、主旨大意等），再根据题干关键词定位原文对应内容，逐一匹配选项得出答案。具体步骤：1. 针对细节题，定位题干关键词到原文，查找直接信息；2. 针对句意题，理解画线句含义，结合选项中文意思匹配；3. 针对主旨题，梳理全文核心内容，概括主旨。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据题干“五常中最重要的两个”，定位到文章第二段最后一句“The most important two are ren and li”，可知仁和礼是五常中最重要的，对应选项B。
2. 句意猜测题：画线句英文意为“你不想别人施加在自己身上的，就不要施加给别人”，对应中文“己所不欲，勿施于人”，即选项C。
3. 细节理解题：根据题干“礼的例子”，定位到文章第四段“In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea”，可知喝茶的正确方式属于礼的范畴，对应选项C。
4. 主旨大意题：梳理全文，主要介绍儒家思想中的五常（仁、义、礼、智、信）等普遍美德，对应选项A。
【答案】
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A
【知识点】
阅读理解、传统文化、儒家思想
【点评】
本文围绕儒家传统美德展开，题型涵盖细节查找、句意理解与主旨概括，难度适中，既考查学生的语篇信息定位能力，又渗透了中国传统文化知识，有助于学生了解儒家思想的核心内容。
【难度系数】
0.7
做此类阅读理解题，需先明确题目类型（细节理解、句意猜测、主旨大意等），再根据题干关键词定位原文对应内容，逐一匹配选项得出答案。具体步骤：1. 针对细节题，定位题干关键词到原文，查找直接信息；2. 针对句意题，理解画线句含义，结合选项中文意思匹配；3. 针对主旨题，梳理全文核心内容，概括主旨。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据题干“五常中最重要的两个”，定位到文章第二段最后一句“The most important two are ren and li”，可知仁和礼是五常中最重要的，对应选项B。
2. 句意猜测题：画线句英文意为“你不想别人施加在自己身上的，就不要施加给别人”，对应中文“己所不欲，勿施于人”，即选项C。
3. 细节理解题：根据题干“礼的例子”，定位到文章第四段“In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea”，可知喝茶的正确方式属于礼的范畴，对应选项C。
4. 主旨大意题：梳理全文，主要介绍儒家思想中的五常（仁、义、礼、智、信）等普遍美德，对应选项A。
【答案】
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A
【知识点】
阅读理解、传统文化、儒家思想
【点评】
本文围绕儒家传统美德展开，题型涵盖细节查找、句意理解与主旨概括，难度适中，既考查学生的语篇信息定位能力，又渗透了中国传统文化知识，有助于学生了解儒家思想的核心内容。
【难度系数】
0.7
