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Ⅳ. 任务型阅读(每小题1分,共10分)
阅读并根据下面的短文,在表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
（2024·南京三模改编）The British Industrial Revolution(1760—1840) brought innovative mechanization and deep social change. The process saw the invention of steam-powered machines, which were used in factories in ever-growing urban centres. Agriculture remained important, but cotton textiles became Britain's top export, capital replaced land as an indicator of wealth, and the labour force diversified to include many more women and children.
The Steam Engine
Water, wind, and muscle power had long been used for heavy machinery such as windmills and waterwheels. These early machines allowed business owners to replace the old cottage industry model, where, for example, skilled weavers worked in their own homes, with a factory system where a number of unskilled workers lived on the premises and operated the machines. The cause for even greater change was the invention of the steam engine. The steam pump was patented in 1698 by Thomas Savery(1650—1715). In 1710, Thomas Newcomen(1664—1729) adjusted Savery's design and made the machine more efficient. Newcomen's machine could suck 5,000 gallons(22.7 K litres) every hour out of a 153-foot(46.6 metres) deep mine shaft. The problem was the amount of fuel needed for the machine. In 1769, the Watt steam engine, designed by James Watt(1736—1819) with developments added by Matthew Boulton(1728—1809), answered the market's demand for a powerful engine that could be used anywhere. By 1800, Britain boasted over 2,500 steam engines, most of them used in mines, cotton mills, and factories. This compares to 200 engines in France and fewer than 10 in the USA. Other inventors came along and added to the power capabilities of the steam engine so that, by the 1830s, they could be used to drive trains and steamships.
Transportation
The steam-powered railways revolutionized travel and Britain itself. On 27 September 1825, the Locomotion 1 train invented by George Stephenson(1781—1848) transported the first railway passengers from Stockton to Darlington in the northeast of England. In 1829, George Stephenson's son, Robert Stephenson (1803—1859), created the Rocket, and he recorded it in the Rainhill Trials(实验). The Trials were competitions designed to find the best locomotive(机车) for use on the railway line connecting Manchester to Liverpool, which opened in 1830. In 1838, Birmingham was connected to London; in 1841, passengers could take the Great Western Railway line from the capital to Bristol. By 1845, there was a line from Manchester to London, which took eight hours of travel (the old stagecoaches would have taken 80 hours). The railways were booming. By the 1870s, there were over 15,000 miles(24,000 km) of rail lines, with trains carrying over 300 million passengers and over 150 million tonnes of goods each year.
The British Industrial Revolution
Introduction
Great changes have 1 place since the British Industrial Revolution started. For example, many new machines and factories made an 2 .
The Steam Engine
The early machines
The early machines allowed business owners to be in 3 of the old cottage industry model.
Improvements in steam engines
• In 1769, the Watt steam engine was made. James Watt came up with the 4 with developments added by Matthew Boulton, answered the market's demand for a powerful engine that could be used anywhere.
• By the 1830s, steam engines became more 5 and were able to drive trains and steamships.
Boom in steam engines
• By 1800, there were over 2,500 steam engines in Britain, 6 used in mines, cotton mills, and factories.
Transportation
The locomotive of train
• Passengers were 7 by the Locomotion 1 train invented by George Stephenson.
• Robert Stephenson created the Rocket, a kind of locomotive.
The developments of railways
• The railway line connecting Manchester to Liverpool opened in 1830.
• By 1845, there was a line from Manchester to London. The passengers needed to 8 8 hours for it.
• The number of the railways 9 rapidly. By the 1870s, there were over 15,000 miles of rail lines. Over 300 million passengers and over 150 million tonnes of goods were carried by trains each year.
Conclusion
• The British Industrial Revolution greatly strengthened the ties between the worlds and 10 the face of the world.
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阅读并根据下面的短文,在表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
（2024·南京三模改编）The British Industrial Revolution(1760—1840) brought innovative mechanization and deep social change. The process saw the invention of steam-powered machines, which were used in factories in ever-growing urban centres. Agriculture remained important, but cotton textiles became Britain's top export, capital replaced land as an indicator of wealth, and the labour force diversified to include many more women and children.
The Steam Engine
Water, wind, and muscle power had long been used for heavy machinery such as windmills and waterwheels. These early machines allowed business owners to replace the old cottage industry model, where, for example, skilled weavers worked in their own homes, with a factory system where a number of unskilled workers lived on the premises and operated the machines. The cause for even greater change was the invention of the steam engine. The steam pump was patented in 1698 by Thomas Savery(1650—1715). In 1710, Thomas Newcomen(1664—1729) adjusted Savery's design and made the machine more efficient. Newcomen's machine could suck 5,000 gallons(22.7 K litres) every hour out of a 153-foot(46.6 metres) deep mine shaft. The problem was the amount of fuel needed for the machine. In 1769, the Watt steam engine, designed by James Watt(1736—1819) with developments added by Matthew Boulton(1728—1809), answered the market's demand for a powerful engine that could be used anywhere. By 1800, Britain boasted over 2,500 steam engines, most of them used in mines, cotton mills, and factories. This compares to 200 engines in France and fewer than 10 in the USA. Other inventors came along and added to the power capabilities of the steam engine so that, by the 1830s, they could be used to drive trains and steamships.
Transportation
The steam-powered railways revolutionized travel and Britain itself. On 27 September 1825, the Locomotion 1 train invented by George Stephenson(1781—1848) transported the first railway passengers from Stockton to Darlington in the northeast of England. In 1829, George Stephenson's son, Robert Stephenson (1803—1859), created the Rocket, and he recorded it in the Rainhill Trials(实验). The Trials were competitions designed to find the best locomotive(机车) for use on the railway line connecting Manchester to Liverpool, which opened in 1830. In 1838, Birmingham was connected to London; in 1841, passengers could take the Great Western Railway line from the capital to Bristol. By 1845, there was a line from Manchester to London, which took eight hours of travel (the old stagecoaches would have taken 80 hours). The railways were booming. By the 1870s, there were over 15,000 miles(24,000 km) of rail lines, with trains carrying over 300 million passengers and over 150 million tonnes of goods each year.
The British Industrial Revolution
Introduction
Great changes have 1 place since the British Industrial Revolution started. For example, many new machines and factories made an 2 .
The Steam Engine
The early machines
The early machines allowed business owners to be in 3 of the old cottage industry model.
Improvements in steam engines
• In 1769, the Watt steam engine was made. James Watt came up with the 4 with developments added by Matthew Boulton, answered the market's demand for a powerful engine that could be used anywhere.
• By the 1830s, steam engines became more 5 and were able to drive trains and steamships.
Boom in steam engines
• By 1800, there were over 2,500 steam engines in Britain, 6 used in mines, cotton mills, and factories.
Transportation
The locomotive of train
• Passengers were 7 by the Locomotion 1 train invented by George Stephenson.
• Robert Stephenson created the Rocket, a kind of locomotive.
The developments of railways
• The railway line connecting Manchester to Liverpool opened in 1830.
• By 1845, there was a line from Manchester to London. The passengers needed to 8 8 hours for it.
• The number of the railways 9 rapidly. By the 1870s, there were over 15,000 miles of rail lines. Over 300 million passengers and over 150 million tonnes of goods were carried by trains each year.
Conclusion
• The British Industrial Revolution greatly strengthened the ties between the worlds and 10 the face of the world.
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答案
Ⅳ.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了英国工业革命带来的例如蒸汽机及交通方面创新的机械化和深刻的社会变革。
1. taken 2. appearance 3. place 4. design
5. powerful 6. mainly/mostly 7. transported
8. spend 9. increased 10. changed
1. taken 2. appearance 3. place 4. design
5. powerful 6. mainly/mostly 7. transported
8. spend 9. increased 10. changed
解析
【分析】
本题为任务型阅读词汇填空题，解题思路如下：1. 通读全文和表格，明确文章主旨是介绍英国工业革命带来的机械化与社会变革；2. 针对每个空格，定位原文对应段落，分析空格处的句子结构（所需词性、时态、固定搭配等）；3. 结合原文语境，匹配符合要求的词汇，注意词形变化（如过去分词、名词、动词形式等）；4. 验证所选词汇是否符合语法和语义逻辑，确保答案准确。
【解析】
1. 考查固定搭配take place（发生），此处为现在完成时，需用take的过去分词taken；
2. 考查固定搭配make an appearance（出现），对应原文中工业革命带来创新机械化，故填appearance；
3. 结合原文“replace the old cottage industry model”，空格处为固定搭配相关结构，填place；
4. 原文提到瓦特蒸汽机的设计，对应空格处填design；
5. 原文说明蒸汽机可驱动火车和轮船，体现其更强大，填powerful；
6. 原文指出多数蒸汽机用于矿山、棉纺厂等，填mainly/mostly；
7. 原文提到火车运送乘客，此处为被动语态，填transported；
8. 原文说明乘坐铁路需花费时间，人作主语时用spend；
9. 原文提到铁路线数量快速增长，填increased；
10. 原文指出工业革命改变了世界面貌，填changed。
【答案】
1. taken 2. appearance 3. place 4. design 5. powerful 6. mainly/mostly 7. transported 8. spend 9. increased 10. changed
【知识点】
任务型阅读、固定搭配、细节理解
【点评】
本题为任务型阅读词汇填空题，聚焦英国工业革命的相关内容，考查学生对文章细节的定位能力、固定搭配的掌握以及词形变化的运用，需结合原文语境准确匹配词汇，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.5
本题为任务型阅读词汇填空题，解题思路如下：1. 通读全文和表格，明确文章主旨是介绍英国工业革命带来的机械化与社会变革；2. 针对每个空格，定位原文对应段落，分析空格处的句子结构（所需词性、时态、固定搭配等）；3. 结合原文语境，匹配符合要求的词汇，注意词形变化（如过去分词、名词、动词形式等）；4. 验证所选词汇是否符合语法和语义逻辑，确保答案准确。
【解析】
1. 考查固定搭配take place（发生），此处为现在完成时，需用take的过去分词taken；
2. 考查固定搭配make an appearance（出现），对应原文中工业革命带来创新机械化，故填appearance；
3. 结合原文“replace the old cottage industry model”，空格处为固定搭配相关结构，填place；
4. 原文提到瓦特蒸汽机的设计，对应空格处填design；
5. 原文说明蒸汽机可驱动火车和轮船，体现其更强大，填powerful；
6. 原文指出多数蒸汽机用于矿山、棉纺厂等，填mainly/mostly；
7. 原文提到火车运送乘客，此处为被动语态，填transported；
8. 原文说明乘坐铁路需花费时间，人作主语时用spend；
9. 原文提到铁路线数量快速增长，填increased；
10. 原文指出工业革命改变了世界面貌，填changed。
【答案】
1. taken 2. appearance 3. place 4. design 5. powerful 6. mainly/mostly 7. transported 8. spend 9. increased 10. changed
【知识点】
任务型阅读、固定搭配、细节理解
【点评】
本题为任务型阅读词汇填空题，聚焦英国工业革命的相关内容，考查学生对文章细节的定位能力、固定搭配的掌握以及词形变化的运用，需结合原文语境准确匹配词汇，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.5
