手炉：古人的取暖智慧
In winter, hands easily get cold. Thick gloves might be a good choice, but sometimes wearing them is inconvenient. However, ancient Chinese people had a solution: hand warmers.
There is one folk story about the invention. Emperor Yang from the Sui Dynasty visited Jiangsu in winter. Chilled by the weather, a local official asked craftsmen to make a small, handheld warmer for the emperor.
By the Song Dynasty, the warmers had become popular among the common people. Skills for producing the tool were widely used in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Many poets of this period wrote about people using hand warmers.
At first, copper(铜）was mostly used for making hand warmers. People liked it better than silver, iron, or porcelain(瓷）because it was better at conducting heat. Also, copper didn't break or rust easily. The hand warmers were filled with burning coals, sometimes mixed with flowers to release a good smell.
Ancient hand warmers had different designs. Typical shapes were round, square, and octagonal, but some were also crafted into shapes resembling pumpkins, flowers, and turtle shells. The patterns on the warmers often featured animals or symbols with auspicious meanings, such as deer, flowers, or the Chinese characters for longevity.
阅读短文,根据短文内容完成表格,每空1~2词。
Hand warmers
Introduction A fine tool that ancient Chinese people 1. in their hands to keep them warm.
History • In the Sui Dynasty: Craftsmen made a small warmer for Emperor Yang.
• By the Song Dynasty: The 2. of the warmers had risen.
• In the Ming and Qing dynasties: The 3. of making hand warmers had risen and many poets recorded use of them.
Designs • The 4. : copper
It could transfer heat better. It reduced the risk of breakage or corrosion.
• The inside: coals, sometimes mixed with flowers.
• The shapes: 5. and 6. .
• The patterns: animals or symbols with good meanings.
视频精讲 口语朗读
语篇类型: 说明文
难度星级: ★★★★★
建议用时: /10 min
参考答案: P42

1. held 根据 hand warmers 字面意思以及“make a small, handheld warmer”可知，手炉是被人拿在手里取暖的工具，hold(hold 的过去式)表示“拿；握住”，符合语境。
2. popularity 根据“By the Song Dynasty, the warmers had become popular among the common people.”可知，到了宋朝，手炉在普通人中变得流行起来，此处需要名词，popular 的名词形式 popularity 表示“流行；普及”，即手炉的“受欢迎程度”上升了。
3. skills 根据“Skills for producing the tool were widely used in the Ming and Qing dynasties.”可知，在明清时期，制作手炉的技术被广泛使用，即制作手炉的“技术”提升了。
4. outside 根据“At first, copper was mostly used for making hand warmers.”以及表格后面对应的“The inside”可知，这里描述手炉的外层材料(铜)。
⚠易错警示 图表分支信息识别
此空学生容易想到 material，但根据表格梳理，The outside 和 The inside 相对应。最佳答案是 outside。手炉外部是铜制，里面空心，用煤炭等填充。
5. typical (shapes) 根据“Typical shapes were round, square, and octagonal ...”可知，手炉的形状有一个类型是“典型的”形状。
6. special (shapes) 根据“but some were also crafted into shapes resembling pumpkins, flowers, and turtle shells”可知，除了典型的形状，还有一些像南瓜、花和龟壳这样“特殊的”形状。