Ⅰ. 根据汉语或首字母提示写出单词
1. Peter （完全地）forgot his birthday until he received his friends' presents this morning.
2. Now in China, more and more people are willing to use homemade （产品）instead of foreign ones.
3. We need to check these machines carefully to make sure they all have high q.
4. The driver r his carelessness in driving and went to the hospital to say sorry to his passengers.
5. You should be serious and neither of the two articles is up to s.

1. completely 2. products 3. qualities/quality
4. regretted 5. standard

【分析】
本题为英语词汇运用题，需结合句子语境、汉语提示或首字母，确定单词的正确形式。解题时，先分析每个句子的语法结构和语义：1. 空格修饰动词需用副词，匹配汉语提示；2. 空格需填名词，结合语境确定单复数；3. 根据首字母和语义匹配对应词汇；4. 结合语境和首字母确定动词时态；5. 利用固定搭配匹配首字母对应的单词。
【解析】
1. 空格修饰动词forgot，需用副词，汉语提示“完全地”对应副词completely，故填completely。
2. homemade后接名词，“产品”对应product，此处泛指各类产品，用复数形式products，故填products。
3. 结合语境“确保它们都有高……”及首字母q，quality（质量）符合，此处可填单数quality或复数qualities，故填qualities/quality。
4. 结合“去医院向乘客道歉”及首字母r，regret（后悔）的过去式regretted，与后面的went时态一致，故填regretted。
5. 固定搭配up to standard意为“达到标准”，结合首字母s，故填standard。
【答案】
1. completely 2. products 3. qualities/quality 4. regretted 5. standard
【知识点】
英语词汇运用、单词拼写
【点评】
本题为基础词汇考查题，侧重核心单词的拼写、词性及固定搭配的掌握，难度较低，适合基础巩固练习。
【难度系数】
0.8

Ⅱ.用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1. As soon as the traffic policeman(交警) arrived, the traffic ran (smooth) again.
2. —Tom, why are you so (happy)?
—I didn't get full marks in the exam because of carelessness.
3. —Bad luck! My watch doesn't work well.
—Take it easy. It just needs (repair).
4. It's my pleasure to help others because to help others is to help (I).
5. The robot has run out of energy so it stopped (work) to charge itself.

1. smoothly 2. unhappy 3. repairing/to be repaired
4. myself 5. working

【分析】本题为用所给单词的正确形式填空题，需结合句子成分、语境及固定搭配变形：1. 空格修饰动词，需用副词；2. 根据答语语境判断需填形容词的反义词；3. 考查need的被动用法搭配；4. 句意表达“帮助自己”需用反身代词；5. 考查stop的固定搭配。
【解析】1. 句中ran是动词，修饰动词需用副词，形容词smooth的副词形式为smoothly，故填smoothly；2. 答语提到因粗心没考好，说明Tom不开心，happy的反义词是unhappy，故填unhappy；3. 表示手表需要被修理，考查固定搭配need doing（主动表被动）或need to be done，故填repairing或to be repaired；4. 句意“帮助别人就是帮助自己”，主语为I，对应反身代词myself，故填myself；5. 机器人停止工作去充电，考查固定搭配stop doing sth.，故填working。
【答案】1. smoothly 2. unhappy 3. repairing/to be repaired 4. myself 5. working
【知识点】副词的用法、固定搭配、反身代词
【点评】本题考查英语基础词汇变形及常用固定搭配，属于基础题型，侧重核心语法和短语的掌握。
【难度系数】0.7

1. —Mum, do you know ? An engineer.
—That's interesting. I guess you often fix things for others in your school.

A.what do my classmates call me
B.what my classmates call me
C.why do my classmates call me
D.why my classmates call me

1.B

【分析】
首先，根据答语“An engineer（工程师，指职业）”，可判断空格处的宾语从句是询问“是什么职业”，需用引导词what，排除表原因的why引导的C、D选项；其次，宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，A选项是疑问语序，不符合语法要求，B选项为陈述语序，符合规则，因此选B。
【解析】
1. 选引导词：答语回答的是职业，故用what引导宾语从句，排除why引导的C、D；
2. 选语序：宾语从句需用陈述语序，A为疑问语序，排除；B为陈述语序，符合要求，故选B。
【答案】
B
【知识点】
宾语从句（引导词、语序）
【点评】
本题考查初中英语宾语从句的基础考点，需掌握宾语从句的引导词选择（结合答语内容）和语序要求（陈述语序），是常见基础题型，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.7

2. —Wow, a new mobile phone. What a big surprise! Thanks, darling!
—It's your birthday present. And please read the carefully before you use it.

A.information
B.instrument
C.invitation
D.instruction

2.D

【分析】首先通读对话理解语境：对话围绕新手机的生日礼物展开，第二句提及使用前需仔细阅读某物。接着辨析四个选项的名词含义：A选项information意为“信息”，B选项instrument意为“仪器”，C选项invitation意为“邀请”，D选项instruction意为“说明（书）”。结合常识，使用新电子产品前应阅读说明书，需选择符合语境的名词。
【解析】对话翻译：——哇，一部新手机，太惊喜了！谢谢，亲爱的！——这是你的生日礼物，使用前请仔细阅读________。逐一分析选项：A. information（信息），不符合使用前阅读的语境；B. instrument（仪器），与手机本身属性不符；C. invitation（邀请），语义不通；D. instruction（常用复数instructions表示“说明书”），符合使用电子产品前需阅读说明书的常识，因此选D。
【答案】D
【知识点】名词词义辨析；语境运用
【点评】本题为基础名词辨析题，结合日常语境即可选出正确答案，考查学生对常见名词含义及用法的掌握。
【难度系数】0.8

3. Our head teacher tells us leaves the room last should turn off the light.

A.who
B.whoever
C.what
D.whatever

3.B

【分析】本题考查宾语从句引导词的用法。首先判断句子结构：谓语动词tells后接宾语从句，从句中缺少主语且指代人；再结合句意“最后离开房间的人应该关灯”，需要表示“无论谁”的泛指含义的引导词，据此分析选项排除错误答案。
【解析】本句为主从复合句，Our head teacher是主语，tells是谓语，us是间接宾语，空格后是宾语从句作直接宾语。宾语从句中缺少主语且指代人，故先排除指物的C（what）和D（whatever）；A.who特指“谁”，不符合句意中“任何最后离开的人”的泛指要求；B.whoever相当于anyone who，意为“无论谁、任何人”，既符合指人的要求，又满足泛指的句意，因此选B。
【答案】B
【知识点】宾语从句引导词；代词辨析
【点评】本题考查宾语从句引导词的选择，需结合从句成分和句意辨析引导词的用法，属于英语基础考点，难度不大。
【难度系数】0.6

4. —It's a pity that I can only live here for two days .
—Why not stay for another day? I know you have three days off.

A.at first
B.at last
C.at least
D.at most

4.D

【分析】首先理解对话语境：第一个人遗憾自己只能在此处待两天，第二个人建议多待一天，因为知道对方有三天假期。需结合语境判断空格处短语的含义，再辨析各选项短语的意思即可得出答案。
【解析】逐一分析选项短语：A.at first意为“起初”；B.at last意为“最后”；C.at least意为“至少”；D.at most意为“最多”。结合对话逻辑，第一个人说只能待两天，第二个人建议多待，说明两天是他能停留的上限，因此选D。
【答案】D
【知识点】介词短语辨析
【点评】本题考查常用介词短语在日常对话语境中的运用，难度较低，需要学生掌握常见介词短语的词义并结合语境分析。
【难度系数】0.7

5. I think English is hard for me. , I don't know the grammar even though I've spent much time on it.

A.At first
B.Not at all
C.First of all
D.On the other hand

5.C

【分析】首先明确句子逻辑：前句提出“英语对我来说难”，后句是具体理由，需选表“首先”的短语引出第一个理由。再逐一分析选项含义：A.At first指时间上的“起初”，B.Not at all表否定或回答感谢，C.First of all用于列举要点的“首先”，D.On the other hand表“另一方面”（用于对比）。结合语境，此处是列举第一个理由，故需选对应短语。
【解析】翻译句子：我觉得英语对我来说很难。首先，即使我花了很多时间在语法上，我还是不懂语法。选项分析：A.At first侧重时间顺序，不符合列举理由的逻辑；B.Not at all语义与语境不符；C.First of all用于引出列举的第一个内容，契合此处说明英语难的第一个理由的语境；D.On the other hand用于对比两个方面，此处无对比逻辑，因此选C。
【答案】C
【知识点】英语短语辨析；语境理解
【点评】本题考查常用介词短语的辨析，需结合句子逻辑语境判断合适的表达，属于初中英语基础题型，难度适中。
【难度系数】0.7

Ⅳ. 句子翻译
1. 这次旅行至少将持续一周。

2. 我对这次考试的结果一点都不满意。

3. 我正期待着不久后去参观你们的学校。

4. 你期望你的机器人的电池能用多久？

1. The trip will last for at least one week.
2. I am not happy/satisfied with the result of the exam at all.
3. I am looking forward to visiting your school soon.
4. How long do you expect your robot's batteries to last?

【分析】
汉译英时，需先明确句子核心成分，结合时态、固定短语完成翻译：1. 句子为一般将来时，核心是“旅行持续一周”，搭配“至少”的短语；2. 需掌握“对…满意”“一点都不”的固定表达；3. 注意“期待做某事”的固定搭配（to为介词后接动名词）；4. 对时长提问用how long，掌握“期望某物做多久”的结构，且“电池”需用复数形式。
【解析】
1. 主语“这次旅行”译为the trip，一般将来时用will+动词原形，“持续”用last，“至少”是at least，故译为The trip will last for at least one week.
2. “对…不满意”用be not satisfied/happy with，“考试结果”是the result of the exam，“一点都不”是at all，故译为I am not happy/satisfied with the result of the exam at all.
3. “期待做某事”是look forward to doing sth，“参观你们的学校”是visit your school，“不久后”是soon，结合现在进行时表正在期待，故译为I am looking forward to visiting your school soon.
4. 对时长提问用How long，“期望某物做多久”是expect sth to last，“你的机器人的电池”是your robot's batteries，故译为How long do you expect your robot's batteries to last?
【答案】
1. The trip will last for at least one week.
2. I am not happy/satisfied with the result of the exam at all.
3. I am looking forward to visiting your school soon.
4. How long do you expect your robot's batteries to last?
【知识点】
汉译英、一般将来时、固定短语搭配
【点评】
本题为基础汉译英题，考察常用短语、时态及固定结构的运用，属于英语基础题型，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.4

Ⅴ. 阅读理解
Here's one scene. Say you are in heavy traffic and your car's brakes(刹车) start to fail. If you keep going, you will go into the back of a truck and probably die. But if you turn sharply to avoid the truck, you risk hitting an elderly woman or a group of children. What do you do?
This is an extreme choice. But every day, drivers around the world have to make quick decisions to avoid accidents. Often, they react without even having time to think. But what would a driverless car do?
Self-driving cars are designed to deal with all sorts of situations, from understanding traffic rules to planning the easiest route that avoids construction. These programming decisions are direct and clear. Ethics(道德), on the other hand, are not. How do you programme a car to decide what to do in the case of an accident? How do you choose which life is more valuable? And who gets to choose? This is a problem that ethicists, lawyers, and car makers are all wondering about.
The ethicist's opinion Patrick Lin teaches robotics and ethics at California Polytechnic State University. He says that it might seem easy to say that self-driving cars must follow certain rules to minimize or reduce harm, but he says, "Even that leads to morally murky(模糊的) decisions." He gives an example: on one side of you is a motorcyclist wearing a helmet; on the other is a motorcyclist not wearing a helmet. If the car's computer tells it to minimize harm during a necessary turn, that might mean hitting the person with the helmet. After all, they are better protected and so less likely to be hurt. But, Lin asks, aren't you being unfair to the responsible(负责的) motorist?
According to Lin, any type of decision-making based on age, gender, or any similar factor would be discrimination(歧视) and therefore against standards of ethics. He explained that even the safest car runs the risk of having accidents, and that the responsibility for programming will lie with the car makers.
The legal opinion But some experts say we don't need to worry about this problem. Bryan Casey teaches at Stanford Law School. Casey says that what a self-driving car does in a crash is not an ethical issue(问题) at all. Instead, it is a legal issue. If a driver has a crash now, the law decides if he was driving dangerously or if it was truly an accident. If the driver was dangerously careless, he faces punishment, often a fine or jail. If a breakdown caused the crash, the car makers might be at fault. Either way, laws exist to decide what is wrong, and who is responsible. Casey says that will not change with the arrival of self-driving cars.
We expect self-driving cars to be very safe, safer than human drivers because computers can react more quickly. And indeed, an autonomous vehicle should be well designed and slow down or speed up in relation to the actual case. However, accidents can always happen. This means that drivers, car makers, and lawmakers will need to deal with new problems as they appear.
1. What is the most difficult problem self-driving cars facing now?
A. How to avoid causing accidents on the road.
B. When to slow down or speed up in the actual case.
C. How to decide what to do in the case of an accident.
D. How to plan routes according to different situations.
2. The example of the motorcyclist (Para. 4) is to show .
A. all cars run the risk of having accidents
B. self-driving cars are unable to follow certain traffic rules
C. motorcyclists shouldn't wear helmets so that self-driving cars won't hit them
D. the decisions made by self-driving cars might go against standards of ethics
3. The writer would most probably agree that .
A. human drivers are much safer than self-driving cars
B. driving laws should change with the arrival of self-driving cars
C. there will always be accidents where someone gets hurt on the road
D. self-driving cars have the ability of thinking and making decisions for themselves

1.C 2.D 3.C
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了自动驾驶汽车以及不同的人对它的不同看法。
1. C 推理判断题。根据“The ethicist's opinion”中的例子可知,伦理专家认为自动驾驶汽车虽然可以很好地判断出如何做能把伤害降低到最小的程度,但是有时候对于戴头盔的一方是不公平的。可推测自动驾驶汽车目前存在的最大问题是在发生事故时决定怎么做。故选 C。
2. D 推理判断题。根据第四段的事例和第五段“According to Lin, any type of decision-making based on age, gender, or any similar factor would be discrimination and therefore against standards of ethics.”可知,事例说明虽然自动驾驶汽车可以降低伤害,但对于负责任的驾驶者所造成的伤害是不公平的,任何基于年龄、性别或任何类似因素的决策都是歧视,因此违反了道德标准。可推测例子显示自动驾驶汽车做出的决定可能违反道德标准。故选 D。
3. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, accidents can always happen.”可知,事故总有可能发生。可推测 C 选项“总会有某人在路上受伤的事故”与作者的观点相符。故选 C。

【分析】
首先通读全文，明确文章围绕自动驾驶汽车面临的伦理、法律问题展开。针对第1题，需定位原文中关于自动驾驶汽车核心难题的表述，排除与伦理编程无关的选项；第2题要结合第四段例子及第五段的伦理观点，分析例子的论证目的；第3题需定位最后一段作者的观点，匹配选项与原文内容。
【解析】
1. 第1题：根据第三段内容，自动驾驶汽车的编程决策清晰，但核心难题是如何在事故中编程决策（对应伦理问题）。A选项“避免事故”、B选项“速度调整”、D选项“路线规划”均为已解决或非最大难题，故选C。
2. 第2题：第四段例子显示自动驾驶汽车为减少伤害选择撞戴头盔的摩托车手，第五段指出这种基于防护因素的决策违反伦理标准，因此例子是为了说明自动驾驶的决定可能违反道德，故选D。
3. 第3题：最后一段明确提到“accidents can always happen”，即总会有受伤事故。A选项与原文“safer than human drivers”矛盾，B选项与原文“laws won't change”不符，D选项原文说明自动驾驶是编程而非自主思考，故选C。
【答案】
1.C 2.D 3.C
【知识点】
阅读理解（推理判断）、文章细节理解
【点评】
本文是关于自动驾驶汽车伦理与法律问题的议论文，题目侧重考查学生的细节定位和推理判断能力，需学生准确抓取原文关键信息，排除干扰选项，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.6