by 短语可省略。
┌主动句: I clean the room.我打扫房间。
└被动句: The room is cleaned by me.房间被我打扫。
（二）“主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾”结构：
可将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，直接宾语保留在动词后不变。
也可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，此时谓语动词与间接宾语之间要加上介词 to 或 for。通常，间接宾语前加 to 的动词有 bring、give、hand 等；间接宾语前加 for 的动词有 buy、cook、make 等。
┌He gave me a book.他给了我一本书。
→I was given a book.我被给了一本书。
└或A book was given to me. 一本书被送给了我。
┌He bought his mother a gift.他给他妈妈买了一份礼物。
→A gift was bought for his mother.一份礼物被买给了他妈妈。
（三）“主＋谓＋宾语＋宾补”结构：
将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，主动句中的宾语补足语保留不动，成为主语补足语。需注意，感官动词（see、watch、feel 等）和使役动词（have、make 等）后接不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语，变为被动语态时要加上 to。
不使用被动语态的几种情况：
1. 不及物动词或不及物动词短语不能用被动语态，如:die，happen，take place 等；
2. 感官动词、某些系动词没有被动语态，如:feel，become，look，seem 等；
┌主动句:We saw him play football. 我们看见他踢足球。
└被动句:He was seen to play football by us.他被我们看见踢足球。
┌主动句: The teacher made him stay there quietly.老师让他安静地待在那里。
└被动句: He was made to stay there quietly.他被要求安静地待在那里。
3. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
【强化训练】单句语法填空
1. It is said that the world's oldest wheel (find) in Eastern Europe.
2. The story (happen) in a small village 100 years ago.
3. The song (sing) by many people all over the world.

1. was found 2. happened 3. is sung

【分析】
解题时需先判断主语与动词的主被动关系，再结合时间状语确定时态，最后依据被动语态结构或动词的及物性规则确定正确形式：第1题主语是动作承受者，表过去的被动动作；第2题动词为不及物动词，无被动，结合过去时间用一般过去式；第3题主语是动作承受者，表常态的被动动作。
【解析】
1. 主语the world's oldest wheel与动词find是被动关系（轮子被发现），时间暗示动作发生在过去，用一般过去时被动语态（was/were+过去分词），主语为单数，故填was found；
2. 动词happen是不及物动词，无被动语态，时间状语“100 years ago”表过去，用一般过去式，故填happened；
3. 主语the song与动词sing是被动关系（歌曲被演唱），表常态动作，用一般现在时被动语态（am/is/are+过去分词），主语为单数，故填is sung。
【答案】
1. was found 2. happened 3. is sung
【知识点】
一般过去时被动语态；一般现在时被动语态；不及物动词用法
【点评】
本题考查被动语态的基础用法，需准确判断主被动关系、时态及动词属性，是英语语法核心考点，需熟练掌握。
【难度系数】
0.5

阅读填空(教材P46课文改编)
The invention, papermaking, more than any other invention, was responsible for the rapid spread of information that 1. (shape) our modern world.
In ancient China, many different materials were used to write on. However, all of these materials were 2. difficult to use and store or very expensive.
Cai Lun, head of the Eastern Han palace workshop, became interested in trying 3. (solve) the problem. From past experiences, Cai Lun got the idea that bark, certain plants, and old clothes could be used to make a special material 4. (suit) to write on.
In the first step of Cai Lun's experiment, all the ingredients were mixed and boiled in water. Then, this material 5. (beat), cut up, and mixed with water again. Next, the liquid was poured over a bamboo screen, leaving just the fibre. 6. (final), this fibre was dried and pressed to form paper. In 105 CE, Cai Lun showed his 7. (create) to the emperor. The emperor was very pleased and praised Cai Lun for his great work.
Later on, 8. papermaking technique did not only speed up the development of Chinese culture, but also changed civilizations around the world. When the use of paper and printing came together in later centuries, it 9. (lead) to a rapid increase in the number of books. This resulted 10. a new birth of knowledge, creating the world we have today.

1. shaped 2. either 3. to solve 4. suitable 5. was beaten
6. Finally 7. creation 8. the 9. led 10. in

【分析】
本题为关于造纸术的语法填空题，需结合语境、固定搭配、语法规则逐一解题：1. 空所在定语从句修饰information，造纸术塑造现代世界是过去发生的动作，用一般过去时；2. 空考查either...or...固定结构；3. 空考查try to do sth固定搭配；4. 空需形容词作后置定语修饰material；5. 空主语material与beat是被动关系，描述过去动作用一般过去时被动语态；6. 空需副词修饰整个句子；7. 空前是形容词性物主代词his，需名词；8. 空特指蔡伦的造纸技术，用定冠词；9. 空描述过去结果用一般过去时；10. 空考查result in固定搭配。
【解析】
1. 定语从句时态：先行词information，从句动作shape发生在过去，故填shaped；
2. 固定搭配：either...or...连接两个表缺点的形容词，填either；
3. 固定搭配：try后接不定式，构成try to do sth，填to solve；
4. 形容词作定语：suitable作后置定语修饰material，填suitable；
5. 被动语态：主语material是beat的承受者，过去时被动结构为was+过去分词，填was beaten；
6. 副词：Finally作状语修饰整个句子，填Finally；
7. 名词：his后接名词，creation意为“发明”，填creation；
8. 定冠词：特指蔡伦的造纸技术，填the；
9. 一般过去时：描述过去的结果，填led；
10. 固定搭配：result in意为“导致”，是固定短语，填in。
【答案】
1. shaped 2. either 3. to solve 4. suitable 5. was beaten 6. Finally 7. creation 8. the 9. led 10. in
【知识点】
固定搭配、动词时态与语态、词性转换
【点评】
本题围绕造纸术主题，考察基础英语语法、固定搭配及词性转换，是典型的语法填空基础题，注重核心知识点的运用，适合巩固英语基础。
【难度系数】
0.7