典例5(2024·连云港海州模拟)如图,在平面直角坐标系中,直线$y = - \frac{1}{2}x - 2$与$x$轴交于点$A$,与$y$轴交于点$B$,过$A$,$B$两点的抛物线$y = ax^{2} + bx + c$与$x$轴交于另一点$C(1,0)$.
(1)求抛物线对应的函数表达式;
(2)$P$是$x$轴上一点,以$P$为圆心,$\frac{3}{2}$为半径的圆与直线$AB$相切,求圆心$P$的坐标;
(3)$M$为直线$AB$下方抛物线上的一点,$N$为$y$轴上一点,当$\triangle MAB$的面积最大时,求$MN + \frac{1}{2}ON$的最小值.
[思路点拨](1)代入$A$,$B$,$C$三点的坐标即可求解.(2)由$\sin\angle OAB = \frac{\sqrt{5}}{5} = \frac{PN}{AP} = \frac{\frac{3}{2}}{AP}$,得到$AP = \frac{3\sqrt{5}}{2}$,即可求解.(3)过点$O$作直线$OH$,使$\angle NOH = 30^{\circ}$,过点$N$作$NE\perp OH$,垂足为$E$,这时$NE = \frac{1}{2}ON$,所以当$M$,$N$,$E$三点共线时,满足$MN + \frac{1}{2}ON$最小,进而求解.
(1)求抛物线对应的函数表达式;
(2)$P$是$x$轴上一点,以$P$为圆心,$\frac{3}{2}$为半径的圆与直线$AB$相切,求圆心$P$的坐标;
(3)$M$为直线$AB$下方抛物线上的一点,$N$为$y$轴上一点,当$\triangle MAB$的面积最大时,求$MN + \frac{1}{2}ON$的最小值.
[思路点拨](1)代入$A$,$B$,$C$三点的坐标即可求解.(2)由$\sin\angle OAB = \frac{\sqrt{5}}{5} = \frac{PN}{AP} = \frac{\frac{3}{2}}{AP}$,得到$AP = \frac{3\sqrt{5}}{2}$,即可求解.(3)过点$O$作直线$OH$,使$\angle NOH = 30^{\circ}$,过点$N$作$NE\perp OH$,垂足为$E$,这时$NE = \frac{1}{2}ON$,所以当$M$,$N$,$E$三点共线时,满足$MN + \frac{1}{2}ON$最小,进而求解.
答案
(1)在$y = -\frac{1}{2}x - 2$中,令$x = 0$,得$y = - 2$;令$y = 0$,得$x = - 4$.$\therefore$点$A$的坐标为$(-4,0)$,点$B$的坐标为$(0,-2)$.$\because$点$A(-4,0)$,$B(0,-2)$,$C(1,0)$在抛物线$y = ax^{2}+bx + c$上,$\therefore\begin{cases}0 = 16a-4b + c\\-2 = c\\0 = a + b + c\end{cases}$,解得$\begin{cases}a=\frac{1}{2}\\b=\frac{3}{2}\\c = - 2\end{cases}$.$\therefore$抛物线对应的函数表达式为$y=\frac{1}{2}x^{2}+\frac{3}{2}x - 2$.(2)由(1)知,$OA = 4$,$OB = 2$,$\therefore$在$Rt\triangle OAB$中,$\sin\angle OAB=\frac{OB}{AB}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{2^{2}+4^{2}}}=\frac{\sqrt{5}}{5}$.如图①,设$\odot P$与直线$AB$相切于点$N$,连接$PN$.易得$\sin\angle OAB=\frac{\sqrt{5}}{5}=\frac{PN}{AP}=\frac{\frac{3}{2}}{AP}$,解得$AP=\frac{3\sqrt{5}}{2}$.$\therefore$点$P$的坐标为$(-4-\frac{3\sqrt{5}}{2},0)$或$(-4+\frac{3\sqrt{5}}{2},0)$.(3)如图②,过点$M$作$y$轴的平行线,交$AB$于点$K$.设点$M$的坐标为$(m,\frac{1}{2}m^{2}+\frac{3}{2}m - 2)$,则点$K$的坐标为$(m,-\frac{1}{2}m - 2)$.$\therefore S_{\triangle MAB}=\frac{1}{2}MK\cdot OA=\frac{1}{2}\times(-\frac{1}{2}m - 2-\frac{1}{2}m^{2}-\frac{3}{2}m + 2)\times4=-m^{2}-4m=-(m + 2)^{2}-4$.$\therefore$当$m = - 2$时,$\triangle MAB$的面积取得最大值,此时点$M$的坐标为$(-2,-3)$.过点$O$作直线$OH$,使$\angle NOH = 30^{\circ}$,过点$N$作$NE\perp OH$,垂足为$E$,这时$NE=\frac{1}{2}ON$.当$M$,$N$,$E$三点共线,且$ME\perp OH$时,$MN+\frac{1}{2}ON$最小.$\because\angle NOH = 30^{\circ}$,$\therefore$易得$k_{OH}=-\sqrt{3}$.又$ME\perp OH$,$\therefore k_{ME}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$.易得直线$ME$对应的函数表达式为$y=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}(x + 2)-3$.令$x = 0$,得$y=\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}-3$.$\therefore$点$N$的坐标为$(0,\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}-3)$.$\therefore ON = 3-\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}$.$\therefore\frac{1}{2}ON=\frac{3}{2}-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$.由点$M$,$N$的坐标,得$MN=\sqrt{[0-(-2)]^{2}+(\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}-3 + 3)^{2}}=\frac{4\sqrt{3}}{3}$.$\therefore MN+\frac{1}{2}ON$的最小值为$ME=\frac{4\sqrt{3}}{3}+\frac{3}{2}-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}=\frac{3}{2}+\sqrt{3}$.
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