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阅读理解。
▶“答案与解析”见P29
It was November 1741, and the Russian science ship St. Peter was lost at sea between Siberia and Alaska. Hit by storms, the St. Peter moved where it could. All the sailors were too ill to control it.
Then on November 4, the men found the land! At first, they hoped that they'd come back to Kamchatka, from which they'd set out about five months earlier. Instead, as they got close to the beach, they found themselves on an island without trees or humans. And it was the beginning of a dangerous fight. Whether the men could live depended on an animal unknown to science.
All around the island, moving in and out with water, were large black animals. The ship's naturalist, Georg Wilhelm Steller, had read about manatees, or "sea cows", which lived south in the tropics(热带地区). The sea cows here, however, were much larger. Reaching up to 23 feet long and weighing about 24,000 pounds, they were the size of small whales.
The sea cows lived in groups, the adults creating protective circles around the young. They used their two short flippers(鳍肢) to move along the rocks under water. Seagulls stayed and ate something on their backs. Steller reported that every few minutes the sea cows lifted their heads from the water to breathe.
The researchers are thought to be the first Europeans to see the coast of Alaska. They lived for months on almost nothing but hard biscuits and water. On the island, the weakened men ate only what they could find, such as dead fish washed onto the beach. Many men died because of being short of food. Later, winter was coming. They had to watch the sea cows from afar.
(素材来源:Muse)
1. When might the Russian science ship set out from Kamchatka?
A. In June 1741.
B. In August 1742.
C. In February 1741.
D. In September 1741.
2. What is the main idea of Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A. Killing sea cows.
B. Living a poor life.
C. Introducing sea cows.
D. Reaching the island.
3. 创新考法 信息排序 Which is the correct order of the following events?
① The ship was hit by storms.
② The sailors found an island.
③ The sailors lived on dead fish.
④ The sailors watched the sea cows from afar.
⑤ The Russian ship left Kamchatka.
A. ②③①④⑤
B. ⑤①②③④
C. ①②④⑤③
D. ③④①②⑤
▶“答案与解析”见P29
It was November 1741, and the Russian science ship St. Peter was lost at sea between Siberia and Alaska. Hit by storms, the St. Peter moved where it could. All the sailors were too ill to control it.
Then on November 4, the men found the land! At first, they hoped that they'd come back to Kamchatka, from which they'd set out about five months earlier. Instead, as they got close to the beach, they found themselves on an island without trees or humans. And it was the beginning of a dangerous fight. Whether the men could live depended on an animal unknown to science.
All around the island, moving in and out with water, were large black animals. The ship's naturalist, Georg Wilhelm Steller, had read about manatees, or "sea cows", which lived south in the tropics(热带地区). The sea cows here, however, were much larger. Reaching up to 23 feet long and weighing about 24,000 pounds, they were the size of small whales.
The sea cows lived in groups, the adults creating protective circles around the young. They used their two short flippers(鳍肢) to move along the rocks under water. Seagulls stayed and ate something on their backs. Steller reported that every few minutes the sea cows lifted their heads from the water to breathe.
The researchers are thought to be the first Europeans to see the coast of Alaska. They lived for months on almost nothing but hard biscuits and water. On the island, the weakened men ate only what they could find, such as dead fish washed onto the beach. Many men died because of being short of food. Later, winter was coming. They had to watch the sea cows from afar.
(素材来源:Muse)
1. When might the Russian science ship set out from Kamchatka?
A. In June 1741.
B. In August 1742.
C. In February 1741.
D. In September 1741.
2. What is the main idea of Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A. Killing sea cows.
B. Living a poor life.
C. Introducing sea cows.
D. Reaching the island.
3. 创新考法 信息排序 Which is the correct order of the following events?
① The ship was hit by storms.
② The sailors found an island.
③ The sailors lived on dead fish.
④ The sailors watched the sea cows from afar.
⑤ The Russian ship left Kamchatka.
A. ②③①④⑤
B. ⑤①②③④
C. ①②④⑤③
D. ③④①②⑤
答案
1. A 推理判断题。第一段提及 1741 年 11 月，俄罗斯科考船圣彼得号在西伯利亚和阿拉斯加之间的海上迷失方向；第二段提及他们大约五个月前出发。由此可知，科考船可能于 1741 年 6 月出发。
2. C 段落大意题。第三段主要提及海牛的尺寸及栖息环境；第四段提及海牛的一些生活习性。由此可知，第三、四段主要介绍了海牛的一些情况。
3. B 信息排序题。由第一段中的 Hit by storms,第二段中的“Kamchatka, from which they'd set out about five months earlier ... they found themselves on an island”及最后一段中的“... the weakened men ate only what they could find, such as dead fish ... winter was coming. They had to watch the sea cows from afar.”可知答案。
2. C 段落大意题。第三段主要提及海牛的尺寸及栖息环境；第四段提及海牛的一些生活习性。由此可知，第三、四段主要介绍了海牛的一些情况。
3. B 信息排序题。由第一段中的 Hit by storms,第二段中的“Kamchatka, from which they'd set out about five months earlier ... they found themselves on an island”及最后一段中的“... the weakened men ate only what they could find, such as dead fish ... winter was coming. They had to watch the sea cows from afar.”可知答案。
解析
【分析】
这是一篇记叙类阅读理解，解题时可以按照先明确题干考点、再回原文定位关键信息的思路逐步推导：
1. 第1题是时间推理题，先找到原文给出的已知时间点，结合文中提到的出发时间和该时间点的间隔，往前推算就能得到出发的大致月份，匹配对应选项即可。
2. 第2题是段落大意题，通读第3、4段内容，梳理两段的核心描述对象，排除不属于这两段的内容选项，就能得到正确的主旨答案。
3. 第3题是事件排序题，把所有待排序的事件逐个回原文找到对应的位置，按照原文叙事的先后顺序排列，就能选出正确顺序。
【解析】
1. 第1题：原文第一段明确当前时间是1741年11月，第二段说明他们从堪察加出发的时间是大约5个月前，将1741年11月往前推算5个月，得到的时间为1741年6月，对应选项A。其余选项中B的1742年8月晚于1741年11月，C的1741年2月距离11月超过9个月，D的1741年9月距离11月仅2个月，均不符合原文5个月前的描述。
2. 第2题：第3段介绍了当地海牛和热带海牛的区别、海牛的体型大小，第4段介绍了海牛的群居特性、移动方式、呼吸习惯等生活习性，两段的核心描述对象都是海牛，主旨是介绍海牛的相关情况，对应选项C。其余选项A猎杀海牛原文未提及，B生活贫困是最后一段内容，D抵达岛屿是第二段内容，均不符合3、4段的主旨。
3. 第3题：逐个定位事件的先后顺序：首先事件⑤俄罗斯船离开堪察加是所有事件的开端，之后事件①船遭遇风暴迷失方向，接着事件②船员发现了岛屿，登岛后食物短缺事件③船员靠冲上岸的死鱼为食，最后冬季来临事件④船员只能远远观望海牛，正确顺序为⑤①②③④，对应选项B。
【答案】
1. A 2. C 3. B
【知识点】
1. 细节推理判断
2. 段落主旨归纳
3. 事件顺序梳理
【点评】
本题属于典型的初中英语记叙文阅读题型，考点设置覆盖了阅读常见的能力考察方向，时间推理题需要学生结合基础的数学计算能力定位细节，段落大意题引导学生跳出零散信息抓住段落核心，排序题帮助学生梳理全文叙事逻辑，能有效锻炼学生快速抓取文本关键信息的能力。
【难度系数】
0.7
这是一篇记叙类阅读理解，解题时可以按照先明确题干考点、再回原文定位关键信息的思路逐步推导：
1. 第1题是时间推理题，先找到原文给出的已知时间点，结合文中提到的出发时间和该时间点的间隔，往前推算就能得到出发的大致月份，匹配对应选项即可。
2. 第2题是段落大意题，通读第3、4段内容，梳理两段的核心描述对象，排除不属于这两段的内容选项，就能得到正确的主旨答案。
3. 第3题是事件排序题，把所有待排序的事件逐个回原文找到对应的位置，按照原文叙事的先后顺序排列，就能选出正确顺序。
【解析】
1. 第1题：原文第一段明确当前时间是1741年11月，第二段说明他们从堪察加出发的时间是大约5个月前，将1741年11月往前推算5个月，得到的时间为1741年6月，对应选项A。其余选项中B的1742年8月晚于1741年11月，C的1741年2月距离11月超过9个月，D的1741年9月距离11月仅2个月，均不符合原文5个月前的描述。
2. 第2题：第3段介绍了当地海牛和热带海牛的区别、海牛的体型大小，第4段介绍了海牛的群居特性、移动方式、呼吸习惯等生活习性，两段的核心描述对象都是海牛，主旨是介绍海牛的相关情况，对应选项C。其余选项A猎杀海牛原文未提及，B生活贫困是最后一段内容，D抵达岛屿是第二段内容，均不符合3、4段的主旨。
3. 第3题：逐个定位事件的先后顺序：首先事件⑤俄罗斯船离开堪察加是所有事件的开端，之后事件①船遭遇风暴迷失方向，接着事件②船员发现了岛屿，登岛后食物短缺事件③船员靠冲上岸的死鱼为食，最后冬季来临事件④船员只能远远观望海牛，正确顺序为⑤①②③④，对应选项B。
【答案】
1. A 2. C 3. B
【知识点】
1. 细节推理判断
2. 段落主旨归纳
3. 事件顺序梳理
【点评】
本题属于典型的初中英语记叙文阅读题型，考点设置覆盖了阅读常见的能力考察方向，时间推理题需要学生结合基础的数学计算能力定位细节，段落大意题引导学生跳出零散信息抓住段落核心，排序题帮助学生梳理全文叙事逻辑，能有效锻炼学生快速抓取文本关键信息的能力。
【难度系数】
0.7
