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Ⅴ. 阅读理解
跨学科生物 Have you ever wondered what it is like to be an astronaut? They face many challenges in space. Weightlessness is bad for human health. It can cause muscle and bone loss as well as vision（视觉）problems. Cosmic radiation（宇宙辐射）can harm their DNA. So, we need to understand how the human body changes in space. Studying telomeres（端粒）, the “end-parts” of chromosomes（染色体）, may help.
Researchers know that telomeres get shorter as people get older. Stress, smoking and unhealthy environments make telomeres shorter, too. The length of telomeres is connected to heart disease and cancer.
NASA did a study on the twin astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly. Scott spent a year on the International Space Station while Mark stayed on Earth. Researchers found Scott's telomeres increased in length while in space. His telomeres then quickly shortened when he returned to Earth. In fact, they were even shorter than before he went into space. To find out if the same changes happen during a shorter trip, another study was done on four astronauts who carried on a 3-day mission（任务）. Their telomeres were longer during spaceflight. But when they returned to Earth, their telomeres shortened quickly. They slowly returned to near normal length about 2 months later.
Both studies showed that space trips, even short ones, can change telomere length. Scientists think telomere length changes because of cosmic radiation exposure. Spending more time in space also means more exposure. The International Space Station has protection in areas people use often. This helps protect the astronauts from some radiation. But what if humans want to travel to or stay on other planets someday?
Space is a dangerous environment. We don't know a lot about how it can influence people's health, especially their DNA. By learning more about changes like telomere length, scientists can find ways to protect future space travellers.
1. Which problem may weightlessness bring to astronauts in space?
A. Cancer.
B. Bone loss.
C. Heart disease.
D. Hearing problems.
2. Why is studying telomeres important according to the passage?
A. Because it helps reduce astronauts' stress.
B. Because it creates a healthy environment.
C. Because it protects astronauts from radiation.
D. Because it shows how DNA changes in space.
3. What can we learn about telomeres from the two studies?
A. Scott's telomeres returned to near normal.
B. The time of spaceflight decides telomere length changes.
C. All the astronauts' telomeres were longer during spaceflight.
D. The twin astronauts both carried on a 1-year mission in space.
4. 新考法 写作手法 How does the writer show the influence of space on human health?
A. By listing numbers.
B. By providing examples.
C. By giving instructions.
D. By introducing background information.
跨学科生物 Have you ever wondered what it is like to be an astronaut? They face many challenges in space. Weightlessness is bad for human health. It can cause muscle and bone loss as well as vision（视觉）problems. Cosmic radiation（宇宙辐射）can harm their DNA. So, we need to understand how the human body changes in space. Studying telomeres（端粒）, the “end-parts” of chromosomes（染色体）, may help.
Researchers know that telomeres get shorter as people get older. Stress, smoking and unhealthy environments make telomeres shorter, too. The length of telomeres is connected to heart disease and cancer.
NASA did a study on the twin astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly. Scott spent a year on the International Space Station while Mark stayed on Earth. Researchers found Scott's telomeres increased in length while in space. His telomeres then quickly shortened when he returned to Earth. In fact, they were even shorter than before he went into space. To find out if the same changes happen during a shorter trip, another study was done on four astronauts who carried on a 3-day mission（任务）. Their telomeres were longer during spaceflight. But when they returned to Earth, their telomeres shortened quickly. They slowly returned to near normal length about 2 months later.
Both studies showed that space trips, even short ones, can change telomere length. Scientists think telomere length changes because of cosmic radiation exposure. Spending more time in space also means more exposure. The International Space Station has protection in areas people use often. This helps protect the astronauts from some radiation. But what if humans want to travel to or stay on other planets someday?
Space is a dangerous environment. We don't know a lot about how it can influence people's health, especially their DNA. By learning more about changes like telomere length, scientists can find ways to protect future space travellers.
1. Which problem may weightlessness bring to astronauts in space?
A. Cancer.
B. Bone loss.
C. Heart disease.
D. Hearing problems.
2. Why is studying telomeres important according to the passage?
A. Because it helps reduce astronauts' stress.
B. Because it creates a healthy environment.
C. Because it protects astronauts from radiation.
D. Because it shows how DNA changes in space.
3. What can we learn about telomeres from the two studies?
A. Scott's telomeres returned to near normal.
B. The time of spaceflight decides telomere length changes.
C. All the astronauts' telomeres were longer during spaceflight.
D. The twin astronauts both carried on a 1-year mission in space.
4. 新考法 写作手法 How does the writer show the influence of space on human health?
A. By listing numbers.
B. By providing examples.
C. By giving instructions.
D. By introducing background information.
答案
Ⅴ. 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了太空环境对人体健康的影响,重点阐述了端粒在太空中的变化,并通过双胞胎宇航员及其他宇航员的研究说明了太空旅行对DNA的影响。
1. B 解析:细节理解题。根据第一段“Weightlessness is bad for human health. It can cause muscle and bone loss as well as vision problems.”可知,失重会导致骨骼流失。故选B。
2. D 解析:细节理解题。根据第一段“So, we need to understand how the human body changes in space. Studying telomeres ... may help.”及最后一段“By learning more about changes like telomere length, scientists can find ways to protect future space travellers.”可知,研究端粒有助于了解DNA在太空中的变化。故选D。
3. C 解析:细节理解题。根据第三段“Researchers found Scott's telomeres increased in length while in space.”及“another study was done on four astronauts ... Their telomeres were longer during spaceflight.”可知,两项研究都表明宇航员在太空飞行期间其端粒变长。故选C。
4. B 解析:写作手法题。文章通过双胞胎宇航员斯科物和马克,以及另外四名宇航员的具体研究案例,说明太空对人体健康的影响。故选B。
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了太空环境对人体健康的影响,重点阐述了端粒在太空中的变化,并通过双胞胎宇航员及其他宇航员的研究说明了太空旅行对DNA的影响。
1. B 解析:细节理解题。根据第一段“Weightlessness is bad for human health. It can cause muscle and bone loss as well as vision problems.”可知,失重会导致骨骼流失。故选B。
2. D 解析:细节理解题。根据第一段“So, we need to understand how the human body changes in space. Studying telomeres ... may help.”及最后一段“By learning more about changes like telomere length, scientists can find ways to protect future space travellers.”可知,研究端粒有助于了解DNA在太空中的变化。故选D。
3. C 解析:细节理解题。根据第三段“Researchers found Scott's telomeres increased in length while in space.”及“another study was done on four astronauts ... Their telomeres were longer during spaceflight.”可知,两项研究都表明宇航员在太空飞行期间其端粒变长。故选C。
4. B 解析:写作手法题。文章通过双胞胎宇航员斯科物和马克,以及另外四名宇航员的具体研究案例,说明太空对人体健康的影响。故选B。
解析
【分析】
本题为跨学科英语阅读理解题，包含细节理解题和写作手法题。解题思路为：针对每道题的题干关键词，定位原文对应段落；对比原文信息与选项，排除与原文不符的干扰项，选出正确答案；写作手法题需分析文章结构，判断作者所用的论证方式。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据第一段“Weightlessness is bad for human health. It can cause muscle and bone loss as well as vision problems.”可知，失重会导致骨骼流失，对应选项B。
2. 细节理解题：根据第一段“So, we need to understand how the human body changes in space. Studying telomeres ... may help.”及最后一段“By learning more about changes like telomere length, scientists can find ways to protect future space travellers.”可知，研究端粒有助于了解DNA在太空中的变化，对应选项D。
3. 细节理解题：根据第三段“Researchers found Scott's telomeres increased in length while in space.”及“another study was done on four astronauts ... Their telomeres were longer during spaceflight.”可知，两项研究均表明宇航员在太空飞行期间端粒变长，对应选项C。
4. 写作手法题：文章通过双胞胎宇航员Scott和Mark的研究案例、四名宇航员的研究案例来说明太空对人体健康的影响，属于举例子的写作手法，对应选项B。
【答案】
1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B
【知识点】
英语阅读理解、细节理解题、写作手法题
【点评】
本题结合生物跨学科知识，考查学生对英语阅读理解中细节信息的定位能力和写作手法的判断能力，题目难度适中，需学生仔细研读原文，准确匹配选项与原文内容，区分干扰项。
【难度系数】
0.6
本题为跨学科英语阅读理解题，包含细节理解题和写作手法题。解题思路为：针对每道题的题干关键词，定位原文对应段落；对比原文信息与选项，排除与原文不符的干扰项，选出正确答案；写作手法题需分析文章结构，判断作者所用的论证方式。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据第一段“Weightlessness is bad for human health. It can cause muscle and bone loss as well as vision problems.”可知，失重会导致骨骼流失，对应选项B。
2. 细节理解题：根据第一段“So, we need to understand how the human body changes in space. Studying telomeres ... may help.”及最后一段“By learning more about changes like telomere length, scientists can find ways to protect future space travellers.”可知，研究端粒有助于了解DNA在太空中的变化，对应选项D。
3. 细节理解题：根据第三段“Researchers found Scott's telomeres increased in length while in space.”及“another study was done on four astronauts ... Their telomeres were longer during spaceflight.”可知，两项研究均表明宇航员在太空飞行期间端粒变长，对应选项C。
4. 写作手法题：文章通过双胞胎宇航员Scott和Mark的研究案例、四名宇航员的研究案例来说明太空对人体健康的影响，属于举例子的写作手法，对应选项B。
【答案】
1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B
【知识点】
英语阅读理解、细节理解题、写作手法题
【点评】
本题结合生物跨学科知识，考查学生对英语阅读理解中细节信息的定位能力和写作手法的判断能力，题目难度适中，需学生仔细研读原文，准确匹配选项与原文内容，区分干扰项。
【难度系数】
0.6
