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B
体裁：说明文
主题： 中华文化
难度：★★★★★
新素养·文化意识 ①There is nothing worse than being sweaty(出汗的) on a hot summer day, but at least we're able to run away into air-conditioned buildings. Before air conditioners appeared, people in China weren't so lucky. During the Tang dynasty, the poet Wang Wei wrote Harsh Summer to complain about the hot season: "Grass and trees are scorched(烧焦的); rivers and lakes are dry."
②Staying cool was clearly a serious matter in ancient times. ▲
③In 1972, archaeologists(考古学家) discovered a silk robe(长袍) weighing just 95 grams from the Western Han dynasty. The thin dress was known as susha danyi, or "plain silk single robe". However, the silk robes were not affordable to most common people. Instead, they might wear zhuyi (bamboo clothes), which helped the wearers avoid sweating and didn't stick to their skin.
④Like many people today, Chinese of centuries past enjoyed ice cream to keep cool. But back in the Zhou dynasty, ice was so valuable that only people who had power could own it. According to Rites of the Zhou, a special government department called the bingzheng was set up to take charge of the ice store. People would use the ice to cool their homes and food.
⑤In ancient times, living areas were often built around man-made lakes and rivers, and flowers and plants were added to increase the moisture(水分) in the air and provide shade. During the Southern Song dynasty, the emperor often spent summers in his "green cold palace" where bamboo, lotus flowers and other plants were planted, and a large man-made waterfall ran to reduce the heat.
1. 新趋势·图示理解 Which of the following can best describe the poem Harsh Summer? ＞＞ 图示理解题解题策略见P24重点精讲
2. 新趋势·补全文章 Which of the following can be put in " ▲ "?
A. So people invented air conditioners later.
B. Many people died because of the high temperature.
C. Luckily, ancient Chinese had some smart ways to avoid the heat.
D. Ancient Chinese thought it was best to rest during the hottest days.
3. According to the passage, owning ice was
A. very popular
B. not easy
C. quite dangerous
D. almost impossible
4. Which of the following can best match the main ideas of Paragraphs ③—⑤? ＞＞ 段落大意题
a. Ice use b. Cool buildings c. Dressing for the weather
A. ③—a ④—b ⑤—c
B. ③—b ④—a ⑤—c
C. ③—c ④—b ⑤—a
D. ③—c ④—a ⑤—b
5. 新趋势·篇章结构 Which is the CORRECT structure of the passage? ＞＞ 篇章结构题解题策略见P64重点精讲
体裁：说明文
主题： 中华文化
难度：★★★★★
新素养·文化意识 ①There is nothing worse than being sweaty(出汗的) on a hot summer day, but at least we're able to run away into air-conditioned buildings. Before air conditioners appeared, people in China weren't so lucky. During the Tang dynasty, the poet Wang Wei wrote Harsh Summer to complain about the hot season: "Grass and trees are scorched(烧焦的); rivers and lakes are dry."
②Staying cool was clearly a serious matter in ancient times. ▲
③In 1972, archaeologists(考古学家) discovered a silk robe(长袍) weighing just 95 grams from the Western Han dynasty. The thin dress was known as susha danyi, or "plain silk single robe". However, the silk robes were not affordable to most common people. Instead, they might wear zhuyi (bamboo clothes), which helped the wearers avoid sweating and didn't stick to their skin.
④Like many people today, Chinese of centuries past enjoyed ice cream to keep cool. But back in the Zhou dynasty, ice was so valuable that only people who had power could own it. According to Rites of the Zhou, a special government department called the bingzheng was set up to take charge of the ice store. People would use the ice to cool their homes and food.
⑤In ancient times, living areas were often built around man-made lakes and rivers, and flowers and plants were added to increase the moisture(水分) in the air and provide shade. During the Southern Song dynasty, the emperor often spent summers in his "green cold palace" where bamboo, lotus flowers and other plants were planted, and a large man-made waterfall ran to reduce the heat.
1. 新趋势·图示理解 Which of the following can best describe the poem Harsh Summer? ＞＞ 图示理解题解题策略见P24重点精讲
2. 新趋势·补全文章 Which of the following can be put in " ▲ "?
A. So people invented air conditioners later.
B. Many people died because of the high temperature.
C. Luckily, ancient Chinese had some smart ways to avoid the heat.
D. Ancient Chinese thought it was best to rest during the hottest days.
3. According to the passage, owning ice was
B
in the Zhou dynasty.A. very popular
B. not easy
C. quite dangerous
D. almost impossible
4. Which of the following can best match the main ideas of Paragraphs ③—⑤? ＞＞ 段落大意题
a. Ice use b. Cool buildings c. Dressing for the weather
A. ③—a ④—b ⑤—c
B. ③—b ④—a ⑤—c
C. ③—c ④—b ⑤—a
D. ③—c ④—a ⑤—b
5. 新趋势·篇章结构 Which is the CORRECT structure of the passage? ＞＞ 篇章结构题解题策略见P64重点精讲
答案
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了古代中国人在没有空调的情况下避暑的各种方法，包括穿着、食物和建筑设计，展现了古人的智慧和对炎热天气的应对策略。
1. C 图示理解题。根据第一段提到的王维的《苦热行》诗句“Grass and trees are scorched; rivers and lakes are dry.”可知这首诗描述了夏天的炎热，草木枯焦，河流干涸。故选 C。
2. C 补全文章题。根据第二段开头“Staying cool was clearly a serious matter in ancient times.”可知在古代保持凉爽是一件重要的事情。下文讲述古代人是如何做到这一点的。C 选项“幸运的是，古代中国人有一些聪明的方法来避暑。”正好衔接了上文的“保持凉爽”的主题，并引出下文的具体方法。故选 C。
3. B 推理判断题。根据第四段“But back in the Zhou dynasty, ice was so valuable that only people who had power could own it.”可知在周朝，冰块非常珍贵，只有有权势的人才能拥有。由此推断在周朝拥有冰块是不易的。故选 B。
4. D 段落大意题。根据段落内容，③段讲述古代人穿着轻便的衣物来避暑，④段讲述人们使用冰块来降温，⑤段讲述古代人建造凉爽的建筑来避暑。a. Ice use（冰的使用）对应④段。b. Cool buildings（凉爽的建筑）对应⑤段。c. Dressing for the weather（根据天气穿衣）对应③段。故选 D。
5. C 篇章结构题。结合文章内容可知文章的结构是①段先介绍了古代人对炎热天气的抱怨，②是过渡段，然后③④⑤分别从穿着、食物和建筑设计三个方面介绍了避暑方法。故选 C。
1. C 图示理解题。根据第一段提到的王维的《苦热行》诗句“Grass and trees are scorched; rivers and lakes are dry.”可知这首诗描述了夏天的炎热，草木枯焦，河流干涸。故选 C。
2. C 补全文章题。根据第二段开头“Staying cool was clearly a serious matter in ancient times.”可知在古代保持凉爽是一件重要的事情。下文讲述古代人是如何做到这一点的。C 选项“幸运的是，古代中国人有一些聪明的方法来避暑。”正好衔接了上文的“保持凉爽”的主题，并引出下文的具体方法。故选 C。
3. B 推理判断题。根据第四段“But back in the Zhou dynasty, ice was so valuable that only people who had power could own it.”可知在周朝，冰块非常珍贵，只有有权势的人才能拥有。由此推断在周朝拥有冰块是不易的。故选 B。
4. D 段落大意题。根据段落内容，③段讲述古代人穿着轻便的衣物来避暑，④段讲述人们使用冰块来降温，⑤段讲述古代人建造凉爽的建筑来避暑。a. Ice use（冰的使用）对应④段。b. Cool buildings（凉爽的建筑）对应⑤段。c. Dressing for the weather（根据天气穿衣）对应③段。故选 D。
5. C 篇章结构题。结合文章内容可知文章的结构是①段先介绍了古代人对炎热天气的抱怨，②是过渡段，然后③④⑤分别从穿着、食物和建筑设计三个方面介绍了避暑方法。故选 C。
解析
【分析】
这是一篇介绍中国古代无空调环境下降暑妙招的文化类说明文，解题时先通读全文把握核心主题，再逐题回文定位对应信息：
1. 第1题图示理解题：先定位第一段王维《苦热行》的诗句内容，诗句描述草木被烤焦、河湖干涸的极端酷暑场景，匹配对应展示极端炎热的图示即可选出答案。
2. 第2题补全文章题：该空位于第二段末尾，需要起到承上启下的作用：上文点明古代保持凉爽是非常棘手的问题，下文③-⑤段全部介绍古人不同的避暑方法，因此要选择既能承接上文“避暑是难事”、又能引出下文各类具体方法的过渡句，排除不符合文意的选项即可。
3. 第3题推理判断题：回文定位第四段周朝相关内容，原文点明当时冰十分珍贵，只有有权势的人才能拥有，由此可推知普通人想要拥有冰是很不容易的。
4. 第4题段落大意匹配题：逐段梳理核心内容：第③段围绕古人避暑的特殊衣物展开，对应“根据天气穿衣”；第④段介绍古人用冰降温的相关内容，对应“冰的使用”；第⑤段介绍古人通过设计居住建筑降温的方法，对应“凉爽的建筑”，匹配对应选项即可。
5. 第5题篇章结构题：梳理全文逻辑：第①段引入古代夏日酷热的背景，第②段为过渡段引出下文内容，第③-⑤段分别从三个不同维度介绍古人的避暑方法，属于“引入+过渡+分点说明”的总分结构，选出对应结构即可。
【解析】
1. 图示理解题：根据第一段王维《苦热行》的诗句“Grass and trees are scorched; rivers and lakes are dry.”，可知这首诗描绘了夏日极端酷热、草木焦枯、河湖干涸的场景，对应符合该场景的图示，答案选C。
2. 补全文章题：A选项“后来人们发明了空调”不符合上下文古代语境；B选项“很多人因为高温死亡”原文无相关表述；D选项“古人认为最热的时候休息最好”和下文内容不匹配；C选项“幸运的是古代中国人有一些避暑的聪明方法”既承接上文“古代保持凉爽是重要难题”的表述，又自然引出下文③-⑤段的各类具体避暑方法，起到承上启下的作用，答案选C。
3. 推理判断题：根据第四段“ But back in the Zhou dynasty, ice was so valuable that only people who had power could own it.”，可知周朝时期冰非常珍贵，只有权贵才能拥有，因此普通人想要拥有冰是很不容易的，A非常受欢迎、C十分危险、D几乎不可能均不符合文意，答案选B。
4. 段落大意匹配题：第③段介绍素纱襌衣、竹衣等特殊避暑衣物，对应c. Dressing for the weather；第④段介绍周朝设专门机构管理储冰、用冰降温的内容，对应a. Ice use；第⑤段介绍古人建造带人工湖、绿植、瀑布的凉殿降温的建筑设计，对应b. Cool buildings，匹配后为③—c、④—a、⑤—b，答案选D。
5. 篇章结构题：全文逻辑为：第①段引出古代夏日酷热的背景，第②段作为过渡句引出下文核心内容，第③④⑤段分别从穿着、用冰、建筑设计三个方面具体介绍古人的避暑方法，属于典型的“背景引入-过渡-分点阐述”的结构，对应正确结构选项为C。
【答案】
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C
【知识点】
说明文阅读，细节推理判断，篇章结构分析
【点评】
本题属于中华文化主题的说明文阅读，题型新颖涵盖图示理解、语篇补全、段落大意匹配、篇章结构分析等多种新考法，既全面考察学生的信息提取和逻辑梳理能力，又渗透文化意识素养，引导学生了解中国古代劳动人民的生活智慧。
【难度系数】
0.3
这是一篇介绍中国古代无空调环境下降暑妙招的文化类说明文，解题时先通读全文把握核心主题，再逐题回文定位对应信息：
1. 第1题图示理解题：先定位第一段王维《苦热行》的诗句内容，诗句描述草木被烤焦、河湖干涸的极端酷暑场景，匹配对应展示极端炎热的图示即可选出答案。
2. 第2题补全文章题：该空位于第二段末尾，需要起到承上启下的作用：上文点明古代保持凉爽是非常棘手的问题，下文③-⑤段全部介绍古人不同的避暑方法，因此要选择既能承接上文“避暑是难事”、又能引出下文各类具体方法的过渡句，排除不符合文意的选项即可。
3. 第3题推理判断题：回文定位第四段周朝相关内容，原文点明当时冰十分珍贵，只有有权势的人才能拥有，由此可推知普通人想要拥有冰是很不容易的。
4. 第4题段落大意匹配题：逐段梳理核心内容：第③段围绕古人避暑的特殊衣物展开，对应“根据天气穿衣”；第④段介绍古人用冰降温的相关内容，对应“冰的使用”；第⑤段介绍古人通过设计居住建筑降温的方法，对应“凉爽的建筑”，匹配对应选项即可。
5. 第5题篇章结构题：梳理全文逻辑：第①段引入古代夏日酷热的背景，第②段为过渡段引出下文内容，第③-⑤段分别从三个不同维度介绍古人的避暑方法，属于“引入+过渡+分点说明”的总分结构，选出对应结构即可。
【解析】
1. 图示理解题：根据第一段王维《苦热行》的诗句“Grass and trees are scorched; rivers and lakes are dry.”，可知这首诗描绘了夏日极端酷热、草木焦枯、河湖干涸的场景，对应符合该场景的图示，答案选C。
2. 补全文章题：A选项“后来人们发明了空调”不符合上下文古代语境；B选项“很多人因为高温死亡”原文无相关表述；D选项“古人认为最热的时候休息最好”和下文内容不匹配；C选项“幸运的是古代中国人有一些避暑的聪明方法”既承接上文“古代保持凉爽是重要难题”的表述，又自然引出下文③-⑤段的各类具体避暑方法，起到承上启下的作用，答案选C。
3. 推理判断题：根据第四段“ But back in the Zhou dynasty, ice was so valuable that only people who had power could own it.”，可知周朝时期冰非常珍贵，只有权贵才能拥有，因此普通人想要拥有冰是很不容易的，A非常受欢迎、C十分危险、D几乎不可能均不符合文意，答案选B。
4. 段落大意匹配题：第③段介绍素纱襌衣、竹衣等特殊避暑衣物，对应c. Dressing for the weather；第④段介绍周朝设专门机构管理储冰、用冰降温的内容，对应a. Ice use；第⑤段介绍古人建造带人工湖、绿植、瀑布的凉殿降温的建筑设计，对应b. Cool buildings，匹配后为③—c、④—a、⑤—b，答案选D。
5. 篇章结构题：全文逻辑为：第①段引出古代夏日酷热的背景，第②段作为过渡句引出下文核心内容，第③④⑤段分别从穿着、用冰、建筑设计三个方面具体介绍古人的避暑方法，属于典型的“背景引入-过渡-分点阐述”的结构，对应正确结构选项为C。
【答案】
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C
【知识点】
说明文阅读，细节推理判断，篇章结构分析
【点评】
本题属于中华文化主题的说明文阅读，题型新颖涵盖图示理解、语篇补全、段落大意匹配、篇章结构分析等多种新考法，既全面考察学生的信息提取和逻辑梳理能力，又渗透文化意识素养，引导学生了解中国古代劳动人民的生活智慧。
【难度系数】
0.3
