四、计算。(共23分)
1. 直接写出得数。(5分)
$ \frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{8} = $ $ \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{4} = $ $ \frac{5}{8} - \frac{7}{12} = $ $ \frac{3}{7} + \frac{2}{7} = $ $ 1 - 0.89 = $
$ 1 - \frac{4}{15} = $ $ \frac{1}{2} + \frac{5}{6} = $ $ 0.95 - \frac{4}{5} = $ $ \frac{3}{8} + \frac{5}{8} = $ $ \frac{7}{9} - \frac{5}{9} = $
1. 直接写出得数。(5分)
$ \frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{8} = $ $ \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{4} = $ $ \frac{5}{8} - \frac{7}{12} = $ $ \frac{3}{7} + \frac{2}{7} = $ $ 1 - 0.89 = $
$ 1 - \frac{4}{15} = $ $ \frac{1}{2} + \frac{5}{6} = $ $ 0.95 - \frac{4}{5} = $ $ \frac{3}{8} + \frac{5}{8} = $ $ \frac{7}{9} - \frac{5}{9} = $
答案
$\frac{1}{4}$,$\frac{1}{4}$,$\frac{1}{24}$,$\frac{5}{7}$,$0.11$,$\frac{11}{15}$,$\frac{4}{3}$,$0.15$,$1$,$\frac{2}{9}$
解析
1. $ \frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{8} = \frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4} $;
2. $ \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{2}{4} - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{4} $;
3. $ \frac{5}{8} - \frac{7}{12} = \frac{15}{24} - \frac{14}{24} = \frac{1}{24} $;
4. $ \frac{3}{7} + \frac{2}{7} = \frac{5}{7} $;
5. $ 1 - 0.89 = 0.11 $;
6. $ 1 - \frac{4}{15} = \frac{15}{15} - \frac{4}{15} = \frac{11}{15} $;
7. $ \frac{1}{2} + \frac{5}{6} = \frac{3}{6} + \frac{5}{6} = \frac{8}{6} = \frac{4}{3} $;
8. $ 0.95 - \frac{4}{5} = 0.95 - 0.8 = 0.15 $;
9. $ \frac{3}{8} + \frac{5}{8} = \frac{8}{8} = 1 $;
10. $ \frac{7}{9} - \frac{5}{9} = \frac{2}{9} $;
2. $ \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{2}{4} - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{4} $;
3. $ \frac{5}{8} - \frac{7}{12} = \frac{15}{24} - \frac{14}{24} = \frac{1}{24} $;
4. $ \frac{3}{7} + \frac{2}{7} = \frac{5}{7} $;
5. $ 1 - 0.89 = 0.11 $;
6. $ 1 - \frac{4}{15} = \frac{15}{15} - \frac{4}{15} = \frac{11}{15} $;
7. $ \frac{1}{2} + \frac{5}{6} = \frac{3}{6} + \frac{5}{6} = \frac{8}{6} = \frac{4}{3} $;
8. $ 0.95 - \frac{4}{5} = 0.95 - 0.8 = 0.15 $;
9. $ \frac{3}{8} + \frac{5}{8} = \frac{8}{8} = 1 $;
10. $ \frac{7}{9} - \frac{5}{9} = \frac{2}{9} $;
2. 计算下列各题,能简算的要简算。(12分)
$ \frac{7}{15} - \frac{3}{8} + \frac{8}{15} - \frac{5}{8} $ $ \frac{7}{8} - (\frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{6}) $
$ \frac{3}{10} - \frac{4}{15} + \frac{5}{18} $ $ \frac{9}{10} - (\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{2}) $
$ \frac{7}{15} - \frac{3}{8} + \frac{8}{15} - \frac{5}{8} $ $ \frac{7}{8} - (\frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{6}) $
$ \frac{3}{10} - \frac{4}{15} + \frac{5}{18} $ $ \frac{9}{10} - (\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{2}) $
答案
第一题:0;第二题:$\frac{2}{3}$;第三题:$\frac{14}{45}$;第四题:$\frac{1}{5}$。
解析
1. 对于 $ \frac{7}{15} - \frac{3}{8} + \frac{8}{15} - \frac{5}{8} $:
利用加法交换律和结合律进行简算:
$\frac{7}{15} - \frac{3}{8} + \frac{8}{15} - \frac{5}{8}$
$ = (\frac{7}{15} + \frac{8}{15}) - (\frac{3}{8} + \frac{5}{8})$
$ = 1 - 1$
$ = 0$
2. 对于 $ \frac{7}{8} - (\frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{6}) $:
先去括号,再进行计算:
$\frac{7}{8} - (\frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{6})$
$ = \frac{7}{8} - \frac{3}{8} + \frac{1}{6}$
$ = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{6}$
$ = \frac{2}{3}$
3. 对于 $ \frac{3}{10} - \frac{4}{15} + \frac{5}{18} $:
先找通分,再进行计算:
$\frac{3}{10} - \frac{4}{15} + \frac{5}{18}$
$ = \frac{27}{90} - \frac{24}{90} + \frac{25}{90}$
$ = \frac{28}{90}$
$ = \frac{14}{45}$
4. 对于 $ \frac{9}{10} - (\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{2}) $:
先算括号里的加法,再算括号外的减法:
$\frac{9}{10} - (\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{2})$
$ = \frac{9}{10} - (\frac{2}{10} + \frac{5}{10})$
$ = \frac{9}{10} - \frac{7}{10}$
$ = \frac{1}{5}$
利用加法交换律和结合律进行简算:
$\frac{7}{15} - \frac{3}{8} + \frac{8}{15} - \frac{5}{8}$
$ = (\frac{7}{15} + \frac{8}{15}) - (\frac{3}{8} + \frac{5}{8})$
$ = 1 - 1$
$ = 0$
2. 对于 $ \frac{7}{8} - (\frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{6}) $:
先去括号,再进行计算:
$\frac{7}{8} - (\frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{6})$
$ = \frac{7}{8} - \frac{3}{8} + \frac{1}{6}$
$ = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{6}$
$ = \frac{2}{3}$
3. 对于 $ \frac{3}{10} - \frac{4}{15} + \frac{5}{18} $:
先找通分,再进行计算:
$\frac{3}{10} - \frac{4}{15} + \frac{5}{18}$
$ = \frac{27}{90} - \frac{24}{90} + \frac{25}{90}$
$ = \frac{28}{90}$
$ = \frac{14}{45}$
4. 对于 $ \frac{9}{10} - (\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{2}) $:
先算括号里的加法,再算括号外的减法:
$\frac{9}{10} - (\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{2})$
$ = \frac{9}{10} - (\frac{2}{10} + \frac{5}{10})$
$ = \frac{9}{10} - \frac{7}{10}$
$ = \frac{1}{5}$
3. 解方程。(共6分)
$ \frac{2}{5} + x = \frac{14}{15} $ $ 0.25x + \frac{11}{4}x = 24 $
$ \frac{2}{5} + x = \frac{14}{15} $ $ 0.25x + \frac{11}{4}x = 24 $
答案
第一题$x=\frac{8}{15}$;第二题$x = 8$(由于题目未设置选项,按题意分别给出两题答案)
解析
对于方程 $\frac{2}{5}+x=\frac{14}{15}$,根据等式的基本性质,等式两边同时减去一个相同的数,等式仍然成立,在方程两边同时减去$\frac{2}{5}$,先通分再计算;对于方程$0.25x + \frac{11}{4}x = 24$,先将$0.25$化为分数$\frac{1}{4}$,然后合并同类项进行计算。
解方程$\frac{2}{5}+x=\frac{14}{15}$:
$x=\frac{14}{15}-\frac{2}{5}$
$x=\frac{14}{15}-\frac{6}{15}$
$x=\frac{8}{15}$
解方程$0.25x + \frac{11}{4}x = 24$:
$0.25=\frac{1}{4}$,则原方程可化为$\frac{1}{4}x+\frac{11}{4}x = 24$。
$(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{11}{4})x = 24$
$\frac{12}{4}x = 24$
$3x = 24$
$x = 24÷3$
$x = 8$
解方程$\frac{2}{5}+x=\frac{14}{15}$:
$x=\frac{14}{15}-\frac{2}{5}$
$x=\frac{14}{15}-\frac{6}{15}$
$x=\frac{8}{15}$
解方程$0.25x + \frac{11}{4}x = 24$:
$0.25=\frac{1}{4}$,则原方程可化为$\frac{1}{4}x+\frac{11}{4}x = 24$。
$(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{11}{4})x = 24$
$\frac{12}{4}x = 24$
$3x = 24$
$x = 24÷3$
$x = 8$
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