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五、阅读理解。
Confucianism(儒家思想) has been followed by Chinese people for more than two thousand years. To help people understand how to behave towards others, Confucianism teaches the Five Constants(五常). These are ren, yi, li, zhi and xin. They are general virtues(美德) around the world. The most important two are ren and li.
Ren is the feeling of care and love we should have for others. Confucius explained ren could best be understood as loving others. He is famous for teaching people "What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.". It is quite similar to what is known in the West as the Golden Rule (treat others as you wish to be treated).
While the meaning of ren is easy to understand, li is a little harder to express. It can be thought of as duty or even respect. Generally, li is the way we should connect with people in our everyday life. In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea and how to remember ancestors(祖先). While ren is mostly about our opinions and feelings, li is about how we express our opinions and feelings towards others and towards the world around us.
Perhaps the most well-known Confucian virtue is xiao. This is the duty children have to their parents. Xiao means loving, respecting, obeying and taking care of one's parents in their old age. In Confucianism, xiao is important for a harmonious(和谐的) society: Without it, the whole world would fall into a mess.
(
A. Ren and yi. B. Ren and li. C. Li and xin. D. Yi and zhi.
(
A. 博学于文,约之以礼。 B. 学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
C. 己所不欲,勿施于人。 D. 君子和而不同,小人同而不和。
(
A. Building a peaceful society. B. Taking care of one's children.
C. Obeying rules for drinking tea. D. Learning all through one's life.
(
A. Its general virtues. B. Its long history.
C. Its new challenges. D. Its golden rules.
Confucianism(儒家思想) has been followed by Chinese people for more than two thousand years. To help people understand how to behave towards others, Confucianism teaches the Five Constants(五常). These are ren, yi, li, zhi and xin. They are general virtues(美德) around the world. The most important two are ren and li.
Ren is the feeling of care and love we should have for others. Confucius explained ren could best be understood as loving others. He is famous for teaching people "What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.". It is quite similar to what is known in the West as the Golden Rule (treat others as you wish to be treated).
While the meaning of ren is easy to understand, li is a little harder to express. It can be thought of as duty or even respect. Generally, li is the way we should connect with people in our everyday life. In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea and how to remember ancestors(祖先). While ren is mostly about our opinions and feelings, li is about how we express our opinions and feelings towards others and towards the world around us.
Perhaps the most well-known Confucian virtue is xiao. This is the duty children have to their parents. Xiao means loving, respecting, obeying and taking care of one's parents in their old age. In Confucianism, xiao is important for a harmonious(和谐的) society: Without it, the whole world would fall into a mess.
(
B
)1. Which are the most important of the Five Constants?A. Ren and yi. B. Ren and li. C. Li and xin. D. Yi and zhi.
(
C
)2. What is the best Chinese for the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2?A. 博学于文,约之以礼。 B. 学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
C. 己所不欲,勿施于人。 D. 君子和而不同,小人同而不和。
(
C
)3. Which of the following is an example of li?A. Building a peaceful society. B. Taking care of one's children.
C. Obeying rules for drinking tea. D. Learning all through one's life.
(
A
)4. What does the passage mainly tell us about Confucianism?A. Its general virtues. B. Its long history.
C. Its new challenges. D. Its golden rules.
答案
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A
解析
【分析】
这是一篇介绍儒家核心传统美德的英语阅读理解题，解题时可以遵循先读题干、带着问题回原文定位查找的思路：细节类题目直接找到题干对应的原文语句，比对选项即可选出正确答案；翻译匹配题结合划线句的英文含义和选项里的传统名句含义对应即可；主旨类题目需要梳理全文的核心讲述对象，排除无关干扰选项，逐题定位后就能快速得到正确结果。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据第一段最后一句"The most important two are ren and li."，可知五常中最重要的两个是仁和礼，对应选项B。
2. 句意理解题：划线句子"What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others."的含义是自己不愿意承受的对待，不要施加给别人，对应的中文古文是"己所不欲，勿施于人"，对应选项C。
3. 细节理解题：根据第三段"In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea and how to remember ancestors(祖先)."，可知符合"礼"的例子是遵守喝茶的相关礼仪规范，对应选项C。
4. 主旨大意题：全文先后介绍了儒家五常里的核心仁、礼，还有孝的相关内涵，核心讲述的是儒家思想倡导的各类通用美德，其余选项中悠久历史仅开篇一笔带过不是核心内容，新挑战文中完全没有提及，黄金规则只是仁的相关补充内容，无法概括全文，因此选A。
【答案】
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A
【知识点】
阅读理解细节定位，传统文化常识匹配，主旨大意归纳
【点评】
本题属于传统文化主题的基础英语阅读题，绝大多数题目都可以通过直接回原文定位找到答案，同时结合了中国传统儒家文化的常识考察，既锻炼学生的信息查找能力，也能帮助学生加深对本土传统文化英文表达的理解，整体干扰项设置难度低。
【难度系数】
0.8
这是一篇介绍儒家核心传统美德的英语阅读理解题，解题时可以遵循先读题干、带着问题回原文定位查找的思路：细节类题目直接找到题干对应的原文语句，比对选项即可选出正确答案；翻译匹配题结合划线句的英文含义和选项里的传统名句含义对应即可；主旨类题目需要梳理全文的核心讲述对象，排除无关干扰选项，逐题定位后就能快速得到正确结果。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据第一段最后一句"The most important two are ren and li."，可知五常中最重要的两个是仁和礼，对应选项B。
2. 句意理解题：划线句子"What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others."的含义是自己不愿意承受的对待，不要施加给别人，对应的中文古文是"己所不欲，勿施于人"，对应选项C。
3. 细节理解题：根据第三段"In Confucian writings, discussions about li include the proper way to drink tea and how to remember ancestors(祖先)."，可知符合"礼"的例子是遵守喝茶的相关礼仪规范，对应选项C。
4. 主旨大意题：全文先后介绍了儒家五常里的核心仁、礼，还有孝的相关内涵，核心讲述的是儒家思想倡导的各类通用美德，其余选项中悠久历史仅开篇一笔带过不是核心内容，新挑战文中完全没有提及，黄金规则只是仁的相关补充内容，无法概括全文，因此选A。
【答案】
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A
【知识点】
阅读理解细节定位，传统文化常识匹配，主旨大意归纳
【点评】
本题属于传统文化主题的基础英语阅读题，绝大多数题目都可以通过直接回原文定位找到答案，同时结合了中国传统儒家文化的常识考察，既锻炼学生的信息查找能力，也能帮助学生加深对本土传统文化英文表达的理解，整体干扰项设置难度低。
【难度系数】
0.8
