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训练1 体裁：说明文 主题：人与动物 难度：★★★★★ 建议用时：8 min 正确率：/4
新素材·浣熊驯化（原创）Scientists have found that raccoons（浣熊） in the US are changing their appearance as they spend more time near humans. They think it's the start of “domestication”, which is a type of evolution. Evolution is how living things change over time to fit with their surroundings and improve their chances of survival, and domestication means changing to fit into human environments.
In cities or towns where there are a lot of people, there is often food left in bins and not many big predators. Wild animals can gradually change to fit into this habitat（栖息地）, domesticating themselves. Fully domesticated animals, like dogs and cats, often have smaller teeth, curly tails, short snouts, and floppy ears compared with their wild relatives, such as wolves and lions.
A team of students led by Raffaela Lesch studied almost 20,000 pictures of raccoons across the US. They found that raccoons living in cities had shorter snouts than their relatives living in the countryside.
Lesch says “rubbish is really the kickstarter” of it all. Raccoons are mainly active at night and are known for searching for food in rubbish bins. Getting to bins, which tend to be near humans, needs raccoons to be tame（驯服的）—or at least not very afraid of humans. It's worth it. As Lesch explains, “All they have to do is endure our presence, not be aggressive, and then they can enjoy anything we throw away”. Animals that evolve to show tamer behaviours also develop shorter snouts.
Some experts think that the physical signs of domestication, like floppy ears, help to make animals less threatening to humans or cute. However, not all scientists are convinced（信服） by Lesch's study or that raccoons could ever become truly domesticated; they are still wild animals.
1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? ＞＞ 段落大意题
A. The food wild animals eat in cities. B. Why cities are good habitats for wildlife.
C. How domestication happens and its signs. D. The differences between wild and domestic animals.
2. What does Lesch mean by saying “rubbish is really the kickstarter”?
A. Raccoons start looking for rubbish as food.
B. Rubbish helps raccoons become fully domesticated.
C. Rubbish allows raccoons and humans to live together.
D. Rubbish provides food and begins the process of change.
3. What is the writer's attitude（态度） towards the possibility of raccoons becoming truly domesticated?
A. Positive. B. Worried.
C. Uncertain. D. Uninterested.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? ＞＞ 标题归纳题
A. How Raccoons Search for Food at Night B. Raccoons Are Being Domesticated as Pets
C. Why Wild Animals Start Living near Humans D. Raccoons Are Changing in Human Environments
新素材·浣熊驯化（原创）Scientists have found that raccoons（浣熊） in the US are changing their appearance as they spend more time near humans. They think it's the start of “domestication”, which is a type of evolution. Evolution is how living things change over time to fit with their surroundings and improve their chances of survival, and domestication means changing to fit into human environments.
In cities or towns where there are a lot of people, there is often food left in bins and not many big predators. Wild animals can gradually change to fit into this habitat（栖息地）, domesticating themselves. Fully domesticated animals, like dogs and cats, often have smaller teeth, curly tails, short snouts, and floppy ears compared with their wild relatives, such as wolves and lions.
A team of students led by Raffaela Lesch studied almost 20,000 pictures of raccoons across the US. They found that raccoons living in cities had shorter snouts than their relatives living in the countryside.
Lesch says “rubbish is really the kickstarter” of it all. Raccoons are mainly active at night and are known for searching for food in rubbish bins. Getting to bins, which tend to be near humans, needs raccoons to be tame（驯服的）—or at least not very afraid of humans. It's worth it. As Lesch explains, “All they have to do is endure our presence, not be aggressive, and then they can enjoy anything we throw away”. Animals that evolve to show tamer behaviours also develop shorter snouts.
Some experts think that the physical signs of domestication, like floppy ears, help to make animals less threatening to humans or cute. However, not all scientists are convinced（信服） by Lesch's study or that raccoons could ever become truly domesticated; they are still wild animals.
1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? ＞＞ 段落大意题
A. The food wild animals eat in cities. B. Why cities are good habitats for wildlife.
C. How domestication happens and its signs. D. The differences between wild and domestic animals.
2. What does Lesch mean by saying “rubbish is really the kickstarter”?
A. Raccoons start looking for rubbish as food.
B. Rubbish helps raccoons become fully domesticated.
C. Rubbish allows raccoons and humans to live together.
D. Rubbish provides food and begins the process of change.
3. What is the writer's attitude（态度） towards the possibility of raccoons becoming truly domesticated?
A. Positive. B. Worried.
C. Uncertain. D. Uninterested.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? ＞＞ 标题归纳题
A. How Raccoons Search for Food at Night B. Raccoons Are Being Domesticated as Pets
C. Why Wild Animals Start Living near Humans D. Raccoons Are Changing in Human Environments
答案
1. C 段落大意题。根据第二段的内容可知，本段主要解释了动物如何在人类主导的环境中逐渐自我驯化，并举例说明完全驯化动物的特征。故选C。
2. D 句意猜测题。根据下文“Raccoons are mainly active at night and are known for searching for food in rubbish bins. Getting to bins, which tend to be near humans, needs raccoons to be tame—or at least not very afraid of humans.”和“Animals that evolve to show tamer behaviours also develop shorter snouts.”可知浣熊会在垃圾桶里寻找食物，靠近垃圾桶让浣熊为适应人类环境而开始发生改变。故选D。
3. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, not all scientists are convinced by Lesch's study or that raccoons could ever become truly domesticated; they are still wild animals.”可知并非所有科学家都相信浣熊能完全驯化，由此可知作者的态度是不确定的。故选C。
4. D 标题归纳题。结合文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了美国浣熊因生活在人类附近而逐渐出现驯化特征。故选D。
2. D 句意猜测题。根据下文“Raccoons are mainly active at night and are known for searching for food in rubbish bins. Getting to bins, which tend to be near humans, needs raccoons to be tame—or at least not very afraid of humans.”和“Animals that evolve to show tamer behaviours also develop shorter snouts.”可知浣熊会在垃圾桶里寻找食物，靠近垃圾桶让浣熊为适应人类环境而开始发生改变。故选D。
3. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, not all scientists are convinced by Lesch's study or that raccoons could ever become truly domesticated; they are still wild animals.”可知并非所有科学家都相信浣熊能完全驯化，由此可知作者的态度是不确定的。故选C。
4. D 标题归纳题。结合文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了美国浣熊因生活在人类附近而逐渐出现驯化特征。故选D。
解析
【分析】
1. 第1题是段落大意题，需梳理第二段核心：第二段先说明城市环境（食物多、捕食者少）使野生动物可自我驯化，还举例完全驯化动物的特征，据此判断选项。
2. 第2题是句意猜测题，结合下文语境：下文提到浣熊在垃圾桶找食物，靠近人类的垃圾桶要求浣熊不惧怕人类，进而发生驯化相关变化，理解“rubbish is really the kickstarter”的含义。
3. 第3题是推理判断题，定位最后一段：最后一段指出并非所有科学家都信服浣熊能完全驯化，它们仍是野生动物，据此推断作者态度。
4. 第4题是标题归纳题，把握全文主旨：全文围绕美国浣熊因生活在人类附近而出现驯化特征变化展开，据此选标题。
【解析】
1. 第1题：第二段主要解释野生动物如何在人类主导的环境中自我驯化，并举例完全驯化动物的特征，对应选项C。A仅涉及城市食物，片面；B未提及驯化；D仅对比野生与驯化动物，未涵盖驯化过程，故选C。
2. 第2题：根据下文，浣熊在垃圾桶找食物，靠近人类的垃圾桶需浣熊不惧怕人类，进而发生驯化相关变化，说明垃圾是浣熊适应人类环境、发生变化的开端，对应选项D。A仅提找食物，未体现“开端”；B说完全驯化，文中未提；C说共同生活，未体现变化过程，故选D。
3. 第3题：最后一段提到“not all scientists are convinced by Lesch's study or that raccoons could ever become truly domesticated”，说明作者对浣熊能否完全驯化的态度不确定，对应选项C。A积极、B担忧、D不感兴趣均不符合，故选C。
4. 第4题：全文围绕浣熊在人类环境中逐渐出现驯化特征变化展开，对应选项D。A仅讲找食物，片面；B说成为宠物，文中未提；C讲野生动物住人类附近，未体现变化，故选D。
【答案】
1.C 2.D 3.C 4.D
【知识点】
说明文阅读、段落主旨理解、推理判断能力
【点评】
本文是人与动物主题的说明文，介绍美国浣熊在人类环境中逐渐发生驯化特征变化的现象，考查学生对说明文的段落主旨、句意猜测、作者态度及标题归纳的理解能力，需结合原文细节逐一分析选项，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.5
1. 第1题是段落大意题，需梳理第二段核心：第二段先说明城市环境（食物多、捕食者少）使野生动物可自我驯化，还举例完全驯化动物的特征，据此判断选项。
2. 第2题是句意猜测题，结合下文语境：下文提到浣熊在垃圾桶找食物，靠近人类的垃圾桶要求浣熊不惧怕人类，进而发生驯化相关变化，理解“rubbish is really the kickstarter”的含义。
3. 第3题是推理判断题，定位最后一段：最后一段指出并非所有科学家都信服浣熊能完全驯化，它们仍是野生动物，据此推断作者态度。
4. 第4题是标题归纳题，把握全文主旨：全文围绕美国浣熊因生活在人类附近而出现驯化特征变化展开，据此选标题。
【解析】
1. 第1题：第二段主要解释野生动物如何在人类主导的环境中自我驯化，并举例完全驯化动物的特征，对应选项C。A仅涉及城市食物，片面；B未提及驯化；D仅对比野生与驯化动物，未涵盖驯化过程，故选C。
2. 第2题：根据下文，浣熊在垃圾桶找食物，靠近人类的垃圾桶需浣熊不惧怕人类，进而发生驯化相关变化，说明垃圾是浣熊适应人类环境、发生变化的开端，对应选项D。A仅提找食物，未体现“开端”；B说完全驯化，文中未提；C说共同生活，未体现变化过程，故选D。
3. 第3题：最后一段提到“not all scientists are convinced by Lesch's study or that raccoons could ever become truly domesticated”，说明作者对浣熊能否完全驯化的态度不确定，对应选项C。A积极、B担忧、D不感兴趣均不符合，故选C。
4. 第4题：全文围绕浣熊在人类环境中逐渐出现驯化特征变化展开，对应选项D。A仅讲找食物，片面；B说成为宠物，文中未提；C讲野生动物住人类附近，未体现变化，故选D。
【答案】
1.C 2.D 3.C 4.D
【知识点】
说明文阅读、段落主旨理解、推理判断能力
【点评】
本文是人与动物主题的说明文，介绍美国浣熊在人类环境中逐渐发生驯化特征变化的现象，考查学生对说明文的段落主旨、句意猜测、作者态度及标题归纳的理解能力，需结合原文细节逐一分析选项，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.5
