训练1
体裁： 说明文
主题： 语言
难度： ★★★★
To begin with, "cool" was just a word to describe the weather. In the past century, "cool" has become richer in meaning. It is now not only a word, but a style and even a life philosophy. In the 1930s, being "cool" became a top word of praise in US slang. Back in the day, it was cool to stay calm and be wise.
According to Joel Dinerstein, a professor at Tulane University in the US, today's "cool" is all about being caring. To be cool is to know and care about what is happening in the world, according to his students. Now, a person is cool if they have a say on social or political problems, such as climate change.
A study by researchers at the University of Arizona in the US found the key to being "cool" lies in the will to follow one's own path in life. Cool people choose their own path no matter what others think. This trend was also seen in a 2017 survey. The results show that teenagers thought of stars who do charity work and keep real as the "coolest".
The answer lies with the younger generation and the world they are growing up in. In the US, for example, Gen Zers often come from different races and care less about gender norms (性别规范), according to a news website. Also, with the growing use of social media, their ideas travel faster and farther.
1. What is the time order of the meanings of "cool" in these sentences?
①You look pretty cool with that new haircut.
②As they climbed higher, the air became cooler.
③Your job is dangerous. You have to keep a cool head, or you'll hurt yourself.
④Keeping up with the latest developments in artificial intelligence(AI) is cool.
A. ①②③④
B. ①③②④
C. ②①③④
D. ②①④③
2. According to the study by the University of Arizona, how to be "cool"?
A. Never hide one's feelings.
B. Making one's own decisions.
C. Following what parents expect.
D. Always being friendly to others.
3. Which of the following can be put in the blank?
A. How to be cool?
B. What caused this change?
C. Who are interested in being cool?
D. Why young people face this change?
4. What does the passage mainly talk about? ＞＞ 文章主旨题
A. The steps to become cool.
B. The changes of meanings of cool.
C. The history and culture behind cool.
D. The reasons of different meanings of cool.

训练1【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“cool”表示的含义的变化以及发生这一变化的原因。
1. C 事件排序题。根据第一段“To begin with，‘cool’ was just a word to describe the weather.”“In the 1930s，being ‘cool’ became a top word of praise in US slang. Back in the day，it was cool to stay calm and be wise.”和第二段“To be cool is to know and care about what is happening in the world，according to his students.”可知起初“cool”形容天气，20世纪30年代“cool”表示最高的称赞，过去“cool”表示保持镇静和明智，现在“cool”表示了解和关心世界上正在发生的事情；①“cool”表示称赞，②“cool”表示天气凉爽，③“cool”表示冷静，④“cool”表示了解世界最新的科技发展。故选C。
2. B 细节理解题。根据第三段“Cool people choose their own path no matter what others think.”可知亚利桑那大学研究发现，“cool”在于选择自己的道路，不管别人怎么想。故选B。
3. B 补全文章题。根据下文“The answer lies with the younger generation and the world they are growing up in.”可知年轻一代和他们成长的世界的变化导致了“cool”表示的含义的变化。故选B。
4. B 文章主旨题。结合文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了“cool”表示的含义的变化以及发生这一变化的原因。故选B。

【分析】
首先通读全文，明确文章围绕“cool”一词含义的演变展开。针对不同题型，解题思路如下：1. 事件排序题：需定位原文中“cool”不同含义对应的时间顺序，匹配选项；2. 细节理解题：根据题干关键词定位原文对应段落，找到关键信息；3. 补全文章题：联系空白处上下文的逻辑关系，尤其是下文的提示内容；4. 主旨大意题：梳理文章核心内容，提炼主旨。
【解析】
1. 事件排序题：根据第一段“起初‘cool’是形容天气的词”对应②（air became cooler）；1930年代“cool”成为美国俚语中最高的赞美词对应①（You look pretty cool）；过去“cool”表示保持冷静和明智对应③（keep a cool head）；现在“cool”表示了解和关心世界上的事对应④（Keeping up with AI is cool），故顺序为②①③④，选C。
2. 细节理解题：根据第三段“Cool people choose their own path no matter what others think”，即做自己的决定，对应选项B，故选B。
3. 补全文章题：空白后提到“The answer lies with the younger generation and the world they are growing up in”，说明上文是问“这种变化的原因是什么”，对应选项B，故选B。
4. 主旨大意题：文章主要介绍“cool”一词含义的变化及原因，对应选项B，故选B。
【答案】
1.C 2.B 3.B 4.B
【知识点】
英语阅读理解、事件排序题、细节理解题、主旨大意题
【点评】
本文以“cool”一词的含义演变为主题，是典型的说明文阅读，题目涵盖多种阅读题型，既考查学生提取细节信息的能力，也考查逻辑推理和主旨概括能力，需要学生结合原文线索逐步分析，整体难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.4

训练2
体裁： 说明文
主题： 航天与航空
难度： ★★★★★
July 28, 1973, is not known as a big day in human history. The same is not true for fish. On that day, two little mummichogs became the first fish in space. They lived in a plastic bag aboard Skylab. Three weeks later, they relearned how to swim in zero gravity(失重).
Nearly 50 years later, four zebrafish are now swimming aboard China's Tiangong Space Station as part of a space experiment. This experiment tries to see how micro gravity(失重) affects the fish's life cycle.
We know that people experience weightlessness in space. But micro gravity can reach far beyond this. It leads to changes in nearly all of our bodily functions. If we're going to spend more time in space in the future, we need to understand these changes. Humans are difficult to study, though. That's where fish come in.
Zebrafish have long helped us understand biology. They might seem quite unlike us, but they actually have many of the same major organs(器官). "Their bodies generally work the way ours do in many situations," explains Aaron van Loon, a biologist at the University of Washington.
Zebrafish are also small and easy to take care of. Besides, they're see - through before they hatch(孵出). Therefore, scientists are able to look inside them during their development.
Here on Earth, zebrafish have been used in many medical experiments. And in space, they've been studied since the 1970s. In 2015, zebrafish aboard the International Space Station were used to study how muscles become weak in micro gravity.
Many other fish have been flown into space as well. For example, oyster toadfish went to space on board NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia in the late 1990s. Scientists watched how their brains readjusted to Earth's gravity upon their return. On the International Space Station in the 2010s, a school of medaka fish were used to track bone density loss.
Similar to human astronauts, fish are carefully chosen to go to space. And they, too, always start their trip with a mission(使命). Our little friends in water are leading the way for us to explore outer space safely.
1. According to the passage, what can we learn about the first fish coming to space?
①the numbers of them
②their present situation
③their mission to the space
④the date they came to space
⑤how to choose the right fish to the space
⑥when they learned to swim in zero gravity
A. ①④⑥
B. ①③④⑥
C. ①③④⑤⑥
D. ①②③④⑤⑥
2. Which paragraphs talk about the reasons why we send zebrafish to space? ＞＞ 段落大意题
A. Paragraphs 3 - 5.
B. Paragraphs 3 - 6.
C. Paragraphs 4 - 5.
D. Paragraphs 4 - 6.
3. How does the writer develop the idea in Paragraph 7?
A. By listing numbers.
B. By comparing facts.
C. By giving examples.
D. By asking questions.
4. What is the best title for the passage? ＞＞ 标题归纳题
A. Why do people send fish to space?
B. Fish have missions in space travel.
C. How to face micro gravity in space?
D. Animals help us research space safely.

训练2【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们将鱼送入太空的原因。
1. A 细节理解题。根据第一段“July 28，1973，is not known as a big day in human history … On that day，two little mummichogs became the first fish in space.”和“Three weeks later，they re-learned how to swim in zero gravity.”我们可知底鳉的数量，飞往太空的日期和学习如何在零重力下游动的日期。故选A。
2. C 段落大意题。根据第四段“Zebrafish have long helped us understand biology.”和第五段“Zebrafish are also small and easy to take care of. Besides，they're see-through before they hatch.”可知第四和第五段介绍了人们将斑马鱼送人太空的原因。故选C。
干扰项分析
第三段介绍了人们将鱼送人太空的原因，第六段介绍了人们对斑马鱼的研究，不符合题意。
3. C 写作手法题。根据第七段“For example，oyster toadfish went to space on board NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia in the late 1990s.”和“a school of medaka fish were used to track bone density loss”可知本段列举了毒棘豹蟾鱼和青鳉鱼的例子，说明许多其他鱼类也被送入太空。故选C。
4. A 标题归纳题。结合文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了人们将鱼送人太空的原因。故选A。
干扰项分析
B项以偏概全，文中有提及鱼在太空中的任务，但只是文章的局部信息；C项断章取义，文中有提及失重，但不是文章的重点；D项扩大主题，文中只介绍鱼帮助人们安全探索太空，并没有提及其他动物。

【分析】
本题为航天与航空主题的说明文阅读理解，包含4道不同类型的题目，需结合各类阅读题型的解题方法逐一分析：
1. 第1题是细节理解题，需回到原文第一段定位“第一条进入太空的鱼”的相关信息，核对选项内容与原文的匹配度；
2. 第2题是段落大意题，需明确各段落核心内容，筛选出介绍“送斑马鱼到太空原因”的段落；
3. 第3题是写作手法题，需分析第七段的论证结构，判断其展开方式；
4. 第4题是标题归纳题，需梳理全文主旨，选择最贴合核心的标题。
【解析】
1. 第1题：根据第一段内容，“July 28,1973”对应④（进入太空的日期），“two little mummichogs”对应①（数量），“Three weeks later, they relearned how to swim in zero gravity”对应⑥（学习在零重力游泳的时间）；原文未提及②它们现在的情况、③它们的太空任务、⑤选鱼的方法，因此①④⑥正确，选A。
2. 第2题：第四段说明斑马鱼可帮助理解生物学的优势，第五段说明斑马鱼体型小、易照顾、孵出前透明便于观察的特点，这两段是送斑马鱼到太空的原因；第三段是送鱼到太空的整体原因，第六段是对斑马鱼的研究，不符合题意，因此选C。
3. 第3题：第七段通过“For example”列举了oyster toadfish和medaka fish进入太空的实例，说明其他鱼类也被送入太空，采用举例子的写作手法，选C。
4. 第4题：全文围绕“人们将鱼送入太空的原因”展开，A选项“为什么人们把鱼送入太空”最贴合主旨；B项以偏概全，C项偏离重点，D项扩大主题（仅提及鱼，未涉及其他动物），因此选A。
【答案】
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A
【知识点】
细节理解题、段落大意题、写作手法题、标题归纳题
【点评】
本文是关于航天与航空主题的说明文，题目涵盖阅读理解核心题型，需学生具备快速定位原文、梳理段落逻辑的能力，整体难度适中，能有效考查学生的说明文阅读水平。
【难度系数】
0.6