一、根据汉语意思写单词。
1. She worked hard to live up to her own (预期).
2. If you look down from the ship, you can see the clear water all the way to the (底部) of the sea.
3. Researchers work on the (海床) to collect rock samples.
4. Modern underwater (照相机) can take clear pictures.
5. We send warm (问候) to our friends far away on special days.

1.expectations 2.bottom 3.seabed 4.cameras
5.greetings

【分析】
本题需根据汉语意思，结合句子语境判断单词的词性、单复数形式，从而写出正确的英文单词：1. 第一题“预期”对应名词，live up to后常用复数；2. 第二题“底部”为名词，此处用单数；3. 第三题“海床”是特定名词，直接对应；4. 第四题“照相机”指一类物品，需用复数；5. 第五题“问候”为可数名词，warm后常用复数。
【解析】
1. “预期”的英文名词是expectation，结合语境用复数形式，故填expectations；
2. “底部”的英文名词是bottom，此处用单数，故填bottom；
3. “海床”的英文名词是seabed，故填seabed；
4. “照相机”的英文名词是camera，此处指一类物品，用复数形式，故填cameras；
5. “问候”的英文名词是greeting，warm后常用复数形式，故填greetings。
【答案】
1.expectations 2.bottom 3.seabed 4.cameras 5.greetings
【知识点】
名词拼写；名词单复数
【点评】
本题考查基础核心名词的拼写及语境中名词的单复数运用，属于基础题型，需学生掌握常用词汇并能结合语境判断形式。
【难度系数】
0.6

二、用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
6. We went down into the sea, reaching a of about 5 metres. (deep)
7. The meeting ______ quietly, and its ______ left a warm impression on every guest. (begin)
8. At the moment, we stood by the beach and saw many beautiful (fly) birds over the waves.
9. I study basic hard at school to become a great one day. (science)
10. The amazing natural wonder (name) after the river running through this region.

6.deep;depth 7.began;beginning 8.flying
9.science;scientist 10.is named

【分析】
要解决用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空的问题，需结合句子结构、时态、固定搭配及词类转换规则分析：
1. 第6题：第一空考查固定搭配go deep（深入），需用形容词；第二空需名词，对应deep的名词形式。
2. 第7题：第一空由went可知句子为过去时态，谓语动词用过去式；第二空its后需名词，对应begin的名词形式。
3. 第8题：需修饰名词birds，用fly的现在分词作定语表“飞行中的”。
4. 第9题：第一空basic（形容词）后接名词，对应science；第二空a后接表示人的名词，对应science的职业名词。
5. 第10题：主语与name是被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态。
【解析】
6. 第一空：固定搭配go deep，填形容词deep；第二空a后接名词，deep的名词是depth，故答案为deep;depth。
7. 第一空：由went可知为一般过去时，谓语动词用begin的过去式began；第二空its后接名词，begin的名词是beginning，故答案为began;beginning。
8. 修饰名词birds需用非谓语形式，fly的现在分词flying作定语，表“正在飞行的”，故填flying。
9. 第一空basic修饰名词，填science（科学）；第二空a后接表示人的名词，science对应的职业名词是scientist（科学家），故答案为science;scientist。
10. 主语natural wonder是动作name的承受者，用一般现在时的被动语态，结构为is + 过去分词named，故填is named。
【答案】
6.deep;depth 7.began;beginning 8.flying 9.science;scientist 10.is named
【知识点】
词形转换、动词时态与语态、非谓语动词
【点评】
本题考查英语单词的适当形式运用，涵盖词类转换、时态、被动语态及非谓语作定语等基础知识点，需学生掌握词性变化规则和句子结构逻辑，是初中英语基础题型。
【难度系数】
0.5

三、阅读理解。
Looking out from the Fendouzhe submersible, Du Mengran saw something very unusual. Under the submersible's lights, some hairy bristleworms（多毛刺毛虫） swam slowly among fields of blood-red tubeworms（管状蠕虫）.
Du and her team explored the hadal zone（海沟带）. At the moment, the team was at the bottom of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, northeast of Japan. Here, over nine kilometres under the sea, Du discovered the deepest-known ecosystem with living animals on the planet. This discovery landed her a place on the 2025 “Nature's 10” list.
As we know, most life on earth depends on sunlight. But the ecosystem in the hadal zone works differently. At such depths, there is little sunlight. The bristleworms, tubeworms, and other animals get energy from special chemicals on the ocean floor.
Before Du's work, no one saw these animals in such detail. Several kinds may even be new to science. The discovery made Du and her team decide to do more dives in areas that are close by. In the southern Pacific Ocean, the team found similar ecosystems. In the complete darkness, about six kilometres under the sea, there may be a totally separate food web.
The space inside the Fendouzhe submersible measures just 1.8 metres wide. Many people would never want to enter such a small space or stay inside it for hours. But Du feels excited every time she steps inside. She compares the submersible to a time machine that opens doors to unknown worlds.
What other secrets lie in the dark depths of the ocean? Du and her team are working to find out.
() 11. Why did Du Mengran think what she saw outside the Fendouzhe submersible “unusual”?
A. Because she didn't expect to see life at such depths.
B. Because all sea animals couldn't live in dark places.
C. Because nobody before her knew the colours of tubeworms.
D. Because bristleworms and tubeworms were new to science.
() 12. What can we know from Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A. All ocean ecosystems share the same food web.
B. People have fully learned about all deep-sea lives.
C. Deep-sea creatures depend mainly on sunlight to live.
D. There might be unknown new species in the deep ocean.
() 13. What can we know about Du Mengran from Paragraph 5?
A. She thinks submersibles are useless tools.
B. She is full of passion for deep-sea exploration.
C. She is afraid of staying in small narrow spaces.
D. She only carries out research in northern oceans.
() 14. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The living habits of tubeworms.
B. Different kinds of sea animals in the ocean.
C. The introduction of the Fendouzhe submersible.
D. Du Mengran's deep-sea exploration and great discovery.

11.A 12.D 13.B 14.D

【分析】
1. 第11题是细节理解题，需定位原文找“unusual”的原因：原文提到海沟带9公里下有已知最深的有活生物的生态系统，而大部分生命依赖阳光，深海生态系统不同，说明她没料到这么深的海底有生命，对应选项A。
2. 第12题需结合第3、4段内容：第3段讲深海生物不靠阳光靠化学物质，第4段提到部分生物可能是科学新物种，还有南太平洋深海可能有独立食物网，对应选项D（深海可能有未知新物种）。
3. 第13题定位第5段：杜每次进奋斗者号都兴奋，把潜水器比作通往未知世界的时间机器，体现她对深海探索充满热情，对应选项B。
4. 第14题是主旨大意题，全文围绕杜梦然的深海探索经历和重大发现展开，对应选项D。
【解析】
1. 第11题：根据原文第二段“Here, over nine kilometres under the sea, Du discovered the deepest-known ecosystem with living animals on the planet.”及第三段“most life on earth depends on sunlight. But the ecosystem in the hadal zone works differently.”可知，她未预料到如此深海区域存在生命，因此选A。
2. 第12题：第4段明确提到“Several kinds may even be new to science.”，结合南太平洋深海可能存在独立食物网的描述，可知深海可能有未知新物种，故选D。
3. 第13题：第5段中“But Du feels excited every time she steps inside. She compares the submersible to a time machine that opens doors to unknown worlds.”体现杜对深海探索的热情，故选B。
4. 第14题：文章主要讲述杜梦然的深海探索过程及相关重大发现，A、B、C均为细节或片面内容，故选D。
【答案】
11.A 12.D 13.B 14.D
【知识点】
英语阅读理解（细节理解）、英语阅读理解（主旨大意）
【点评】
本题为英语阅读理解题，涵盖细节理解与主旨大意两类常见题型，需学生准确定位原文信息并归纳文章核心内容，整体难度适中，适合初中或高中低年级学生作答。
【难度系数】
0.6